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WorksheetsUnit 2B Test Review
Total questions: 69
Worksheet time: 35mins
A test that measures a student’s potential ability is
an achievement test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
a personality inventory
Dr. Crump is developing a new personality test that he hopes will measure personality factors similar to those measured by a Big Five personality inventory. His participants take the new personality test and the main Big Five inventory used in clinical settings. The next week the participants take the new personality test again. Dr. Crump finds that the participants in the study had similar scores each time they took the new personality test and that there is a weak positive correlation between the scores on the new personality test and the Big Five inventory. Dr. Crump is most likely to conclude that the new personality test has which of the following qualities?
high reliability and low validity
high reliability and high validity
low reliability and high validity
low reliability and moderate validity
James takes an IQ test when he is in third grade and receives a score of 112. When he is tested again in sixth grade with an alternate version of the same test, his score is 114. The fact that the two scores are very similar most directly indicates that the IQ test is
valid
reliable
standardized
accurate
Which of the following refers to the potential of an individual to perform an as-yet-unlearned task?
Aptitude
Interest
Achievement
Projection
A psychologist gives the same test to a class of students at the beginning of the day and again at the end of the school day. The extent to which test scores are similar across the two administrations demonstrates which of the following test properties?
Validity
Reliability
Standardization
Statistical significance
Research on stereotype threat indicates that students might not do as well as they can on a test if
they are informed that people of their ethnicity, age, or gender usually do not perform well on the tests
they are forced to take a test that is known to have low test-retest reliability
other students perceive them to be of a minority ethnic group
the test does not have standardized administration or scoring procedures
The Flynn effect is best illustrated by which of the following statements?
A child must clean his room before his parents allow him to watch television.
Intelligence scores increase from generation to generation.
An individual agrees to a small request and complies later with a larger request.
Crystallized intelligence increases with age.
Which of the following statements describes the Flynn effect?
Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores in the United States were higher in 2003 than in 1993.
Children who attend Head Start programs show short-term gains in IQ scores.
There is no statistically significant relationship between IQ scores and creativity.
People may earn higher scores when they are told the test is a personality assessment rather than an intelligence test.
A cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. After a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. The treatment room has become
a conditioned reinforcer
a neutral stimulus
a conditioned stimulus
an unconditioned stimulus
Jane often walked with her baby, Chloe, past a construction site. Near the site, a bright light followed by a loud sound would occur that would frighten Chloe, and she would cry. Soon Chloe would cry even if the light was not followed by the loud noise. Eventually Chloe began to cry when she saw flashing lights at the supermarket as well. This pattern of behavior reflects
stimulus generalization
negative reinforcement
secondary reinforcement
shaping of behavior
At the beginning of the school year, Juan had trouble paying attention in class because he was distracted by posters in the classroom. Midway through the semester, he could pay attention more easily because he no longer noticed the posters. His decreased attention to the posters is most likely related to
signal detection
habituation
perceptual set
the cocktail party effect
Question is based on the following. Karl goes to see Dr. Norton to help him overcome his fear of cats. Karl’s fear began in childhood when he petted a cat and someone slammed a door. Every time Karl petted the cat, the door slammed. Now whenever Karl sees a cat, he becomes very anxious. In the development of Karl’s fear of cats, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
Fear
The cat
The slamming of the door
The person who slammed the door
A monkey’s choosing a circle from an array of geometric shapes in order to be rewarded with a banana is an example of
stimulus habituation
stimulus discrimination
positive transference
latent learning
In a set of studies, a researcher first touched a dog lightly on the side of its body and a few seconds later placed vinegar on the dog’s tongue. The vinegar made the dog salivate. After several pairings of touch and vinegar, the dog began to salivate as soon as it was touched and before it was given the vinegar. In these studies, which of the following was the conditioned stimulus?
Touch to the body
Vinegar on the tongue
Salivation to the vinegar
Salivation to the touch
Which of the following statements best describes the role of biological processes in classical conditioning?
A biologically-based unconditioned stimulus (UCS) must immediately follow a conditioned stimulus (CS) for learning to occur.
Any novel or familiar stimulus could serve as a CS because the biological mechanisms underlying learning are very powerful.
Certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival.
Biological reinforcers foster learning more quickly than do environmental reinforcers.
Steve’s cat used to run away from loud music. Over time the cat stopped running away from the sound. Which of the following processes has occurred?
Classical conditioning
Habituation
Operant conditioning
Sensitization
Tyler ate a cheeseburger from a fast food restaurant for dinner, and he was awake all night feeling sick. Now, just thinking about eating any fast food makes him feel nauseous, and he is certain that he will never want to eat it again. Tyler’s aversion to fast food can be best explained by
shaping
extinction
stimulus generalization
latent learning
The first time four-year-old Savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, her father began praising Savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, Savannah’s father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as
negative reinforcement
spontaneous recovery
shaping
latent learning
Question is based on the following. In a two-phase study, participants were randomly assigned to either group A or group B. All participants were subjected to a series of irritating air puffs directed at the face. In the first phase of the study, participants in group A pressed a button that stopped the air puffs. Participants in group B pressed a button that had no effect on the air puffs. In the second phase of the study, both groups had buttons that, if pressed, would stop the air puffs. The study most directly explores the concept of
learned helplessness
social facilitation
the mere-exposure effect
regression to the mean
Four-year-old Moesha screams and cries because she wants a candy bar. When her father, Bill, finally gives in and buys her the candy, she stops screaming. Bill tells the grocery clerk it will always be worth paying for candy to get Moesha to stop screaming. Bill’s act of buying the candy is
subject to classical conditioning
met with an aversive consequence
positively reinforced
negatively reinforced
A dog retrieves the newspaper every day because in the past it received a food reward for this behavior. The dog’s behavior is an example of which of the following?
An operant response
An unconditioned response
An unconditioned stimulus
A classically conditioned response
John had tantrums when his father would not let him play video games. His father decided to take away some of John’s television time each time he had a tantrum, which effectively reduced John’s tantrums. Which of the following approaches did John’s father use?
Negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
A four-year-old child frequently pulled on the dog’s tail to gain attention. To reduce this undesirable behavior, the parent took away one hour of television viewing every time the child pulled the dog’s tail. Within one week, the undesirable behavior was significantly reduced. The above scenario illustrates
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
negative punishment
positive punishment
A researcher is training laboratory rats to run a complex maze. Each time the rats learn a new part of the maze, they are rewarded with a pellet of food. Within a few hours, the rats have learned the entire maze. Which of the following did the researcher use to teach the rats the maze?
Shaping
Generalization
Negative reinforcement
A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement
Which schedule of reinforcement produces behavior that is extinguished with the fewest trials?
Fixed-interval
Variable-ratio
Variable-interval
Continuous
People who play slot machines in gambling casinos usually exhibit steady, rapid rates of responding. This is because most games of chance use what schedule of reinforcement?
Fixed-interval
Fixed-ratio
Variable-interval
Variable-ratio
To stop his uncle’s constant requests, Jimmy takes out the garbage. This makes him more likely to take out the garbage in the future. Jimmy’s behavior is being controlled by which of the following types of reinforcement?
Continuous
Positive
Negative
Vicarious
Deandra creates a detailed mental image of the spatial layout of the biology lab where she will take her final exams. The mental image of the spatial layout is called which of the following?
Algorithm
Mental set
Cognitive map
Insight
Firefighters are often required to walk through local buildings and drive trucks around the areas they serve as part of their training. The most likely purpose of this type of training is to develop
a cognitive map
a prototype
an algorithm
a mental set
Which of the following kinds of learning is involved when a person displays a new behavior after watching someone else perform it?
Generalization
Latent learning
Insight learning
Observational learning
When the fire alarm sounded in the middle of the night, Ada woke up and made her way from her bedroom, down the stairs, and out the front door in the dark. Ada’s ability to navigate her way through the dark house is an example of using
her prefrontal cortex
blindsight
a cognitive map
the serial position effect
Which of the following would a social learning theorist be most likely to propose as a cause for a fear of flying?
A person has maladaptive thoughts about the safety of planes.
A person observed someone else’s fear of flying.
A person had been negatively reinforced for flying on a plane.
The fear is related to childhood trauma.
Which of the following sets of concepts is central to social learning theory?
Observation, imitation, and modeling
Fixed interval, variable interval, and fixed ratio
Generalization, spontaneous recovery, and discrimination
Acquisition, extinction, and counter-conditioning
Which of the following best illustrates operant conditioning?
A person feels sleepy after drinking warm milk.
A student receives praise for turning in homework on time and continues to do so.
A dog salivates when it hears a bell before being fed.
A child becomes afraid of the dark after hearing a scary story.
After repeatedly hearing a loud noise when a certain song plays, Maria starts to feel anxious whenever she hears the song. In this scenario, the song is acting as which type of stimulus?
Unconditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus
Reinforcing stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
Which type of reinforcement schedule is most likely to produce a high, steady rate of responding with little pause after reinforcement?
Fixed-ratio
Variable-interval
Variable-ratio
Fixed-interval
Larry wants to be more open to new experiences. According to a behaviorist, how could he teach himself to be more open?
Give himself a reward every time he convinces himself to participate in a new experience.
Mentally walk himself through what each potential new experience will be like to convince himself that it will be a positive experience.
Force himself to engage in one new experience a day until it is second nature.
Explore what happened in his childhood that makes him reluctant to try new things.
Average IQ scores have increased steadily over the past 100 years. It has been argued that this effect is most likely due to
An increase in the average number of years in school.
A decrease in access to medical care, clean water, and nutritious food.
An increase in population.
An increase in genetic diversity.
Ms. Ritter is a high school math teacher. She believes that some people are born good at math and others are not. At the beginning of the new school term, she was informed that her incoming class had poor performance on prior standardized tests. Which of the following is a likely outcome for Ms. Ritter and the upcoming school year?
Ms. Ritter will foster a growth mindset in her class and challenge her students to do better.
Ms. Ritter will likely see her students’ poor test results during the school year as confirmation of her beliefs that math abilities are fixed.
Ms. Ritter will identify each student’s needs to maximize their individual potential.
Ms. Ritter will blame herself after a poor performance on an exam.
Anthony thinks he will fail his math test because he believes he is terrible at math, even though he has passed his previous math tests. Which of the following explanations would the cognitive approach use to explain Anthony’s behavior?
His irrational thoughts are causing him to doubt his abilities, even though he has evidence to show otherwise.
He has not fully achieved self-actualization, even though he has evidence to show otherwise.
He has a conflict between his id and his superego, so it keeps him from studying appropriately.
He is using a defense mechanism, so it keeps him from studying appropriately.
Xander can no longer stomach the taste of sushi after he vomited from eating a spoiled serving of it. However, the appearance of sushi does not make him sick. Which of the following best accounts for why Xander becomes sick upon tasting sushi but not seeing sushi?
Latent learning, because sushi acts as a reinforcer.
Insight learning, because sushi acts as a reinforcer.
Biological predisposition, because this example illustrates taste aversion.
Negative punishment, because this example illustrates taste aversion.
In which of the following scenarios is someone showing evidence of extinction in classical conditioning?
After a painful procedure at the hospital, Erin experiences anxiety any time she sees a hospital.
Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building. However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school the anxiety has gone away.
Marta always associated her mother’s fruitcake with the happiness of the holidays. After being on her own for some time the fruitcake no longer had that association, but when a colleague brought a fruitcake to work she felt the happiness return.
After his first kiss at a school dance, Lester not only gets a warm feeling every time he hears the song that was playing during the kiss, but also whenever he hears a song by the same artist.
Ms. Reagan, who is a teacher, agrees more with theories of multiple intelligences than theories about g. Which of the following scenarios would she most agree with?
Ms. Reagan's student Shuri is excellent at math, so she concludes that Shuri must also have high verbal ability.
Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit more than one type of intelligence. For example, she notices her student Noel plays well with others as well as alone.
Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit special types of intelligence.
Ms. Reagan observes that her student Lenny demonstrates his ability in all subject areas, so she concludes that Lenny must be the most intelligent person in her class.
Dalton developed a phobia of dogs after watching his older cousin act fearfully when he interacted with dogs in their neighborhood. Which of the following best explains why Dalton developed his phobia of dogs?
Classical conditioning, because dogs are associated with classical conditioning studies.
Operant conditioning, because Dalton is being reinforced for his behavior.
Social learning theory, because Dalton learned from observing his cousin's behavior toward dogs.
Overactive amygdala, because the amygdala is associated with fear.
Dr. Maisel is creating a new personality test. The test is a self-report measure in which participants answer questions on a scale from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree” about how they would respond to particular situations. He then uses the responses to place participants along a spectrum in a number of different traits. He compares the results of the test to reports from the participants’ managers at work on their working styles and ability to work within their team and finds that the test results are highly positively correlated with managers’ reports. What type of test is he developing, and what type of validity or reliability can be determined from his work on the test?
Projective; construct validity
Objective; construct validity
Objective; test-retest reliability
Objective; internal consistency reliability
Carlos wants to lose weight but is having a hard time motivating himself to go to the gym after work because he enjoys watching movies after work instead. To increase his likelihood of going to the gym, Carlos should:
reward himself just before going to the gym
set a goal of going to the gym at least seven times a week
reward himself immediately after going to the gym
make an effort to spend time watching movies when not at the gym
Which scenario below best depicts insight learning?
Laramie suddenly realized that he could put some of his groceries in a cabinet after repeatedly failing to fit them into a pantry.
Kyler audited a physics class and was not required to be formally tested on the material. However, when Kyler’s mother asked him a tough question about physics he was able to answer it correctly.
Marley screamed when she saw her neighbor's dog after watching her father scream in fear around dogs.
Karla never tried to leave the house in the middle of the night again after her parents grounded her for sneaking out of the house.
Which of the following statements is true of insight problem solving?
It involves trying every possible solution until finding the one that works.
It can only occur in situations where the problem space is very large.
It requires an incubation period in which the problem solver can start fresh on the problem.
It occurs most frequently with well-defined problems.
A psychologist has just developed a new test that he hopes will be a good measure of intelligence. The psychologist got fellow content experts to look at the questions to confirm that they are the types of puzzles and problems that would provide an intellectual challenge and give insight into someone’s intellectual abilities. Unfortunately, when he distributes the test to a classroom of college students, it does not appear to perform similarly to existing measures of intelligence. The test does not predict student GPAs and in fact is better at predicting performance on a measure of anxiety than intelligence. Which of the following characteristics does the new intelligence test possess?
Split-half reliability, because the odd items had the same rates of accuracy as the even items.
Test-retest reliability, because the students performed the same each time they took the test.
Construct validity, because the psychologist has demonstrated that the test measures what it is intended to measure.
Predictive validity, because the test predicts future academic performance.
A corporation created what they referred to as an “intelligence assessment” to give to people who are applying for jobs with their company, which sells medical equipment. The assessment asked questions about popular culture, sports, and historical events that occurred in the United States. Which of the following might explain why the assessment results did not give the company a diverse pool of final candidates?
The assessment lacked reliability by only asking about United States cultural and historic topics.
The assessment lacked validity by only asking about United States cultural and historic topics.
The assessment lacked standardization by only asking about United States cultural and historic topics.
The assessment lacked metacognition by only asking about United States cultural and historic topics.
Intelligence tests have been used throughout history to purposefully discriminate against groups of people. Claims that minority groups have lower IQ scores because of genetic factors fail to consider which of the following?
IQ tests are not valid measures of intelligence.
IQ test scores are dependent on social factors such as educational opportunity and poverty.
IQ tests only measure verbal skills, which might impact some groups due to language barriers.
IQ tests are unreliable measures of intelligence.
Sebastian wants to earn an "A" in his biology course but finds it difficult to stay motivated to study every night. His teacher recommends that he surround himself with peers who study regularly to increase his studying behavior. Sebastian’s teacher made her recommendation based on the learning concept of:
acquisition
classical conditioning
modeling
generalization
Madeline wants her son to be well-behaved when they go to church. For every five minutes he sits still, she gives him a piece of candy. What type of learning is Madeline employing?
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Observational learning
One-trial learning
Janice cleaned out the office refrigerator without being asked. The operant conditioning concept of positive reinforcement is illustrated in which scenario?
The next day, her boss gave her a gift certificate to a local coffee shop. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator.
The next day, her boss said Janice could take some time off work. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator.
The next day, Janice’s coworker cleaned out the office refrigerator. As a result, now everyone in the office takes turns cleaning out the refrigerator.
The next day, her boss reprimanded Janice loudly in front of everyone. As a result, Janice never cleaned the office refrigerator again.
The operant conditioning concept of negative reinforcement is illustrated in which of the following scenarios?
Ervin always buckles his seat belt to stop the beeping sound his car makes when the seat belt is unbuckled.
Whenever Gizele masters a piano piece, her teacher puts a sticker on the page of music.
When Grizilla’s dog tries to steal her food, she taps him on the nose and says “NO!” sharply.
After Ben stays out after curfew, his parents tell him he is not allowed to spend time with his friends for one month.
Which of the following operant conditioning concepts is an example of positive punishment?
As a reward for LaKeisha getting good grades, her parents take her out to dinner at her favorite restaurant.
While driving through the state of Mississippi, Lance was stopped for speeding and had to pay an expensive speeding ticket. As a result, he no longer goes over the speed limit when driving in Mississippi.
Caroline was caught stealing money from her brother’s room. As punishment, her parents said she could not use social media for three weeks.
A rat was taught to dunk a ball into a miniature basketball hoop in order to receive a treat. After the rat stopped receiving treats, it eventually stopped playing basketball. A week later, however, the rat randomly started playing basketball again.
One feature that distinguishes the person-centered approach to personality development from behaviorist approaches to personality development is that the person-centered approach suggests which of the following?
Personality is shaped by unconscious defense mechanisms, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments.
Personality is an innate characteristic, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that it is not.
Personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is shaped by unconscious defense mechanisms.
Personality is shaped by unconditional love and support for children’s behavior, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments.
A computer company wants to hire a large group of employees to work in a newly opened branch of the company. The human resources department determines that the most effective way to screen applicants would be the use of intelligence testing. Which of the following is the main reason that the implementation of this screening policy would be inappropriate?
Intelligence tests can be subject to bias.
Intelligence testing can be expensive and time consuming.
Intelligence tests are only used to identify students who require educational services.
Intelligence testing can be too complex to be useful.
Which dog is demonstrating stimulus discrimination in the following scenarios?
Princess used to sit on command, but since her owner stopped giving her a treat for it, she no longer does.
Chug, a fearful dog after growing up without a home, gradually became more trusting of people after being exposed to them. Then, Chug suddenly returns to his fearful behavior.
Cookie cowers when she hears the pop of fireworks, but not when she hears the pop of lightning.
Brodie associates the sound of the doorbell with guests and excitedly goes to the door when he hears it, but he also does so when he hears a game show contestant ring a bell to answer a question.
Which of the following is the best example of the learning principle of reinforcement?
Sammy’s father stopped buying him candy when Sammy cried, and Sammy stopped crying for candy for a while. However, one day Sammy randomly started crying for candy again.
Coraline trained her cats to respond in different ways to two different whistle pitches. They would come to be fed when she blew one whistle and leave when she blew the other whistle so she could clean their litter boxes.
Marla audited a class, so she never took any quizzes or tests throughout the year. However, she decided she wanted to take the end-of-year final and received a very high grade without taking earlier exams.
James drank coffee before he took and passed a difficult test with a high grade, so now he drinks coffee before every test he takes because he believes doing so will help him score well on the tests.
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates observational learning?
Sam forgets how to play a song on the piano after not practicing for several months.
Olivia develops a fear of dogs after being bitten by one as a child.
Marcus receives a piece of candy every time he finishes his homework.
Jenna learns to solve a puzzle by watching her older brother complete it first.
Which of the following is an example of generalization in classical conditioning?
A person solves a problem after taking a break and returning with a new perspective.
After being conditioned to fear a white rat, a child also shows fear when seeing a white rabbit.
A student studies harder after receiving praise for good grades.
A dog stops salivating to a bell after the bell is repeatedly presented without food.
Which scenario demonstrates the concept of fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule?
A person receives a paycheck every two weeks regardless of performance.
A factory worker receives a bonus for every 10 products assembled.
A student receives a surprise quiz at random times during the semester.
A dog is given a treat after an unpredictable number of times it sits on command.
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of shaping in operant conditioning?
A student receives a gold star every time she completes her homework.
A dog is given a treat only after it sits, then after it sits and stays, and finally after it sits, stays, and rolls over.
A rat presses a lever and immediately receives a food pellet.
A child stops throwing tantrums after being ignored by his parents.
Which of the following is an example of a variable-interval reinforcement schedule?
A person receives a paycheck every two weeks.
A dog is given a treat every time it sits on command.
A student receives a pop quiz at unpredictable times throughout the semester.
A factory worker is paid for every 20 products assembled.
Which scenario demonstrates the concept of learned helplessness?
A child learns to tie their shoes by watching their older sibling.
A person studies harder after failing a test.
A dog stops trying to escape a cage after several unsuccessful attempts, even when the door is later left open.
A student continues to try solving math problems even after repeated failures.
Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates observational learning?
A child learns to tie their shoes by watching their older sibling do it.
A student memorizes vocabulary words by repeating them aloud.
A dog salivates when it hears a bell before being fed.
A person feels anxious after experiencing a loud noise.
Which process is illustrated when a person gradually stops responding to a repeated, harmless stimulus?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Habituation
Sensitization
After being praised for completing her homework, Lily starts finishing her assignments more regularly. This is an example of which type of learning?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Insight learning
Latent learning
