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Worksheets

Biochem

Total questions: 115

Worksheet time: 58mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Saliva defense proteins include:

a)

peroxidase, renin, gastromucoprotein

b)

immunoglobulins, peroxidase

c)

mucins, lactoferrin, lysozyme

d)

catalase, lysozyme, transferrin

e)

amylase, transferase, pepsin

2.

Which protein is predominant in oral fluid composition?

a)

Albumin

b)

Mucin

c)

Immunoglobulin A

d)

Lysozyme

e)

α-Amylase

3.

Which transports cholesterol from organs and tissues to the liver?

a)

albumins

b)

VLDL

c)

chylomicrons

d)

LDL

e)

HDL

4.

Which enzymes are involved in carbohydrate hydrolysis in the oral cavity?

a)

bacterial glycosidases

b)

gamma-amylase

c)

bacterial phosphatases

d)

bacterial proteinases

e)

maltases

5.

What is the main buffer system of saliva called?

a)

protein

b)

nitrate

c)

phosphate

d)

bicarbonate

e)

hemoglobin

6.

What is the pH level characteristic of oral fluid?

a)

7.5-8.0

b)

7.0-7.5

c)

6.4-7.8

d)

6.5-7.0

e)

6.0-6.3

7.

Which enzyme in the oral cavity breaks down polysaccharides?

a)

Sucrase

b)

Peroxidase

c)

Catalase

d)

Maltose

e)

α-Amylase

8.

Which salivary enzyme has antibacterial properties?

a)

Proteinase

b)

Peroxidase

c)

Lysozyme

d)

Acid phosphatase

e)

Alkaline phosphatase

9.

How much saliva is secreted per day?

a)

0.5L

b)

1.5-2L

c)

3.5-5L

d)

More than 3L

e)

2.5-3L

10.

Name the proteinase inhibitor synthesized by salivary glands.

a)

Acid-resistant proteinase inhibitor

b)

α1-Antitrypsin

c)

Superoxide dismutase

d)

Neuraminidase

e)

α2-Macroglobulin

11.

Which type of immunoglobulin predominates in saliva composition, forming local immunity of the oral cavity?

a)

Secretory Immunoglobulin A

b)

Immunoglobulin A

c)

Immunoglobulin G

d)

Immunoglobulin E

e)

Immunoglobulin M

12.

Which salivary protein prevents precipitation of calcium-phosphate salts and keeps them in colloidal state?

a)

Proline

b)

Seromucoids

c)

Globulin

d)

Albumin

e)

Amylase

13.

An increase in which hormones characterizes the development of the body's stress responses?

a)

Thyroid hormones (T3, T4)

b)

Testosterone, estradiol

c)

Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin

d)

Cortisol, adrenaline

e)

Insulin

14.

Which ions have higher concentration in saliva in the morning hours?

a)

Ni, Cr, and Sr

b)

K, Ca, P, Fe

c)

Mn, Se, Zn, Si

d)

Al, Cu, Na, and Mg

e)

Ca, P

15.

When re-examining mixed saliva of a patient with periodontitis, the dentist noted an increase in free amino acids. Based on this indicator, what conclusion can be drawn?

a)

Activation of nucleic acid degradation in periodontal tissues

b)

Activation of free radical processes

c)

Negative nitrogen balance

d)

Activation of proteolytic enzymes

e)

Deficiency of water-soluble vitamins

16.

What is the role of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice composition?

a)

free hydrochloric acid, bound hydrochloric acid, and acid residues

b)

free hydrochloric acid and hydrocarbons

c)

in cases of disturbed metabolism

d)

free, bound hydrochloric acid and amino acids

e)

free hydrochloric acid and acid residues

17.

In which organ can lactate entering the blood be converted back to glucose?

a)

in erythrocytes

b)

in adipose tissue

c)

in the brain

d)

in the liver

e)

in cardiac muscle

18.

What is the cause of physiological jaundice in newborns?

a)

group incompatibility of mother and fetus blood

b)

insufficient activity of liver UDP-glucuronyltransferase

c)

Rh conflict between mother and fetus

d)

decreased degradation of erythrocytes in the first days of life

e)

Rh conflict between father and mother

19.

What does the term "Achilia" indicate the absence of?

a)

free, bound hydrochloric acid and amino acids

b)

free, bound hydrochloric acid and pepsin

c)

free hydrochloric acid and hydrocarbons

d)

free hydrochloric acid and acid residues

e)

when indican is absent

20.

Indicate the acid-producing cells in the gastric mucosa?

a)

epithelium of the gastric lining

b)

accessory cells of the gastric mucosa

c)

chief cells of the gastric mucosa

d)

surface epithelium

e)

parietal cells of the gastric mucosa

21.

What is the main role of gastrin in the body?

a)

conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin in the stomach

b)

dehydration of salts

c)

stimulation of gastric juice secretion

d)

activation of pancreatic enzymes

e)

stimulation of pancreatic secretion

22.

Name the hormonoid (histohormone) that stimulates bile formation in the liver?

a)

Enterocrinin

b)

histamine

c)

Secretin

d)

gastrin

e)

villikinin

23.

Histamine is used in diagnosing the functional state of the stomach. Which physiological property of histamine is favorable for this purpose?

a)

constricts blood vessels

b)

enhances gastric juice secretion

c)

improves memory

d)

inhibits gastric juice secretion

e)

inhibits nerve impulse transmission

24.

With which compound does indirect bilirubin interact to become direct bilirubin?

a)

with uridine phosphoglucuronic acid in the intestine

b)

with 3-phosphoadenine 5-phosphosulfate in the liver

c)

with serum albumins

d)

with uridine phosphoglucuronic acid in the liver

e)

with benzoic acid in the liver

25.

What is the main enzyme for fat absorption in adults?

a)

gastric lipase

b)

trypsin

c)

pepsin

d)

amylase

e)

pancreatic lipase

26.

A significant decrease in gastric juice acidity is associated with what?

a)

irritated stomach

b)

gastric ulcer

c)

chronic superficial gastritis

d)

chronic atrophic gastritis

e)

duodenal ulcer

27.

Where do detoxification of toxic products and degradation of amino acids occur?

a)

in the blood

b)

in the spleen

c)

in the intestine

d)

in the pancreas

e)

in the liver

28.

Which enzyme is used for gastritis with reduced secretory function?

a)

pepsin

b)

amylase

c)

trepsin

d)

chymotrypsin

e)

lactase

29.

Hydrolysis of triglycerides in the intestinal lumen is catalyzed by the participation of which enzymes?

a)

transacylases

b)

cholesteroleesterases

c)

phospholipases

d)

lipases

e)

acetylcholinesterases

30.

What substances are needed to activate pancreatic lipase?

a)

coenzyme-A and bile acids

b)

colipase and bile acids

c)

colipase

d)

bile acids and glycerol

e)

bile acids

31.

Indicate the strongest parenteral stimulant of gastric juice secretion:

a)

pentagastrin

b)

histamine

c)

atropine

d)

adrenaline

e)

secretin

32.

Free hydrochloric acid is determined with the participation of what?

a)
phenolphthalein
b)

amino acids

c)

dimethylaminoazobenzene

d)

methyl orange

e)

sodium alizarin sulfonate

33.

A patient has impaired liver function. Which biochemical blood indicator should be determined to assess liver condition?

a)

creatine phosphokinase

b)

ALT (Alanine aminotransferase)

c)

LDH1

d)

lipase

e)

aldolase

34.

Indicate the acid residues of gastric juice?

a)

all strong inorganic acids

b)

lactic acid and carbonic acids

c)

organic acids and phosphate bound to oxygen

d)

hydrochloric acids and alcohols

e)

lactic, fatty, valeric, acetic and other organic acids

35.

To prevent fatty degeneration of the liver after viral hepatitis, the patient should be prescribed lipotropic factors. Indicate one of them:

a)

Vikasol

b)

allopurinol

c)

tryptophan

d)

choline

e)

Contrycal

36.

What stimulates gallbladder contraction?

a)

cholecystokinin-pancreozymin

b)

enterocrinin

c)

villikinin

d)

secretin

e)

chymodenin

37.

Which proteolytic enzymes are synthesized in the gastric mucosa?

a)

enterogastrone

b)

gastrin

c)

trypsin

d)

gastricin

e)

pepsinogen

38.

In case of pancreatic secretory insufficiency, sometimes the drug "Festal" containing pancreatic enzymes is prescribed together with bile acid preparations to improve digestion. For what purpose is such an addition used?

a)

to activate α-amylase

b)

to activate proteolytic enzymes

c)

to stimulate intestinal motility

d)

to emulsify fats

e)

to stimulate pancreatic juice secretion

39.

Increased activity of LDH4, LDH5, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and carbamoyl-ornithine transferase was found in a patient's blood plasma. Which organ's pathology do the results indicate?

a)

Pancreas

b)

Kidney

c)

Heart

d)

Liver

e)

Lungs

40.

Lipids in blood are transported as lipoproteins. Which lipoprotein fraction transports cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver?

a)

LDL

b)

chylomicrons

c)

IDL

d)

HDL

e)

VLDL

41.

In what order do metabolism processes occur?

a)

absorption, excretion, digestion, intermediary metabolism

b)

excretion, digestion, absorption, intermediary metabolism

c)

digestion, excretion, absorption, intermediary metabolism

d)

digestion, absorption, intermediary metabolism, excretion

e)

absorption, digestion, intermediary metabolism, excretion

42.

Which proteolytic enzyme is synthesized in pancreatic cells?

a)

trypsin

b)

chymotrypsin

c)

procarboxypeptidase A and B

d)

elastase

e)

prodipeptidase

43.

Which class do enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion belong to?

a)

esterases

b)

peptidases

c)

acyltransferases

d)

methyltransferases

e)

glycosidases

44.

A 36-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with complaints of acute girdle pain in the upper abdomen after drinking alcohol. Which enzyme test would confirm suspected acute pancreatitis?

a)

amylases

b)

creatine kinases

c)

catalases

d)

carbonic anhydrases

e)

pepsin

45.

In a patient, transport of amino acids into intestinal enterocytes is reduced. Which substance is involved in this process?

a)

glutathione

b)

alanine

c)

amylase

d)

anserine

e)

ornithine

46.

How are carbohydrates arranged according to their absorption rate in the intestine?

a)

galactose > pentose > fructose > glucose

b)

pentose > galactose > glucose > fructose

c)

galactose > fructose > pentose > glucose

d)

galactose > glucose > fructose > pentose

e)

fructose > pentose > galactose > glucose

47.

Pancreatic digestive enzymes are secreted in inactive form. What factor must be present in the intestine to prevent conversion of proenzymes to active form?

a)

dipeptidases

b)

chymotrypsin

c)

amylases

d)

succinate

e)

Enterokinases

48.

The main reserve of glucose in the human body and higher animals is a specific polysaccharide, stored mainly in the liver and muscles. Which polysaccharide is it?

a)

inulin

b)

cellulose

c)

starch

d)

agar-agar

e)

glycogen

49.

Toxic compounds are formed in the large intestine under the influence of microorganisms. One such compound is cadaverine. Indicate how this compound is formed.

a)

by decarboxylation of lysine

b)

by deamination of arginine

c)

by reamination of lysine

d)

by transdeamination of aspartate

e)

by reamination of arginine

50.

Lipoprotein classes have specific functions in transporting water-insoluble or poorly soluble fats, cholesterol, and its esters. Which one transports fats from the intestine to tissues?

a)

LDL

b)

VLDL

c)

chylomicrons

d)

pre-beta-lipoproteins

e)

HDL

51.

During intense muscle work, lactic acid accumulates in muscles as a result of anaerobic oxidation of glucose. What is its further fate?

a)

used for glucose synthesis in the muscle

b)

circulates in the blood, gradually used by all cells

c)

enters the kidneys and is excreted in urine

d)

transported via blood to the liver for glucose synthesis

e)

used for synthesis of ketone bodies

52.

A patient with liver cirrhosis has deteriorating vision. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

a)

impaired absorption of vitamin A in the intestine

b)

impaired conversion of trans-retinal to cis-retinal

c)

impaired rhodopsin synthesis

d)

insufficient vitamin A in the diet

e)

excessive intake of vitamin A with food

53.

Dietary fibers, which are components of plant cell walls, play an important role in preventing gastrointestinal diseases. What is the main polysaccharide in plant cell walls?

a)

glycogen

b)

starch

c)

cellulose

d)

chondroitin sulfate

e)

inulin

54.

Biochemical examination of a patient with gastric complaints revealed decreased secretory function of the stomach accompanied by anemia. Indicate which vitamin has an anti-anemic effect?

a)

retinol

b)

thiamine

c)

cobalamin

d)

nicotinic acid

e)

tocopherol

55.

Pancreatic juice contains many enzymes, some secreted in inactive form. Which enzymes are these?

a)

amylase, lipase

b)

nuclease, pepsin

c)

nuclease, peptidase.

d)

sucrase, amylase

e)

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen

56.

In children, gastric juice pH is in the range of 4.0-5.0. Name the gastric juice enzyme active under these conditions?

a)

rennin

b)

trypsin

c)

pepsin

d)

elastase

e)

chymotrypsin

57.

Saliva defense proteins include:

a)

mucins, lactoferrin, lysozyme

b)

peroxidase, pepsin, gastromucoprotein

c)

amylase, transferrin, pepsin

d)

catalase, lysozyme, transferrin

e)

immunoglobulins, peroxidase, amylase

58.

Indicate the chemical composition of saliva?

a)

water - 99%, dry residue - 1%

b)

water - 90%, dry residue - 10%

c)

water - 79%, dry residue - 21%

d)

water - 89%, dry residue - 11%

e)

water - 80%, dry residue - 6%

59.

What defense functions does saliva have?

a)

Degradation of proteins

b)

degradation of polysaccharides

c)

degradation of lipids

d)

cleansing and moistening of the oral cavity

e)

participation in tooth enamel formation

60.

Indicate the amount of saliva secreted per day?

a)

2.0 - 2.5L

b)

2.5 - 3L

c)

1.5 - 2L

d)

more than 3L

e)

0.5L

61.

Indicate the main buffer system of saliva?

a)

phosphate

b)

hemoglobin

c)

protein

d)

bicarbonate

e)

nitrate

62.

In smokers' saliva, what substances are increased?

a)

calcium

b)

phosphates

c)

lactate

d)

thiocyanates

e)

bicarbonates

63.

What process occurs when thiocyanates are present in saliva?

a)

Participate in enamel mineralization

b)

participate in prostaglandin formation

c)

participate in vascular tone regulation

d)

In increased amounts become carcinogenic factors; develop antibacterial defense

64.

What role does the enzyme peptidylpeptidohydrolase play?

a)

Participates in antibacterial defense of teeth

b)

participates in vascular tone regulation

c)

participates in prostaglandin formation

d)

Participates in peptide hydrolysis

e)

assists in conversion of kininogen to kinin

65.

Which enzymes are involved in carbohydrate hydrolysis in the oral cavity?

a)

gamma-amylase

b)

bacterial proteinases

c)

bacterial glycosidases

d)

bacterial phosphatases

e)

maltase

66.

Which class do digestive juice enzymes belong to?

a)
transferases
b)

hydrolases

c)

lyases

d)

oxidoreductases

e)

isomerases

67.

Which of the following biochemical reactions do kinases catalyze?

a)

phosphorylation

b)

carboxylation

c)

dehydrogenation

d)

amidation

e)

deamination

68.

Which of the following biochemical reactions do lyases catalyze?

a)

transfer of atom or group of atoms

b)

non-hydrolytic breakdown of substances

c)

oxidation-reduction reaction

d)

hydrolytic breakdown of substances

e)

isomerization reaction

69.

Which of the following biochemical reactions do transferases catalyze?

a)

isomerization reaction

b)

non-hydrolytic breakdown of substances

c)

oxidation-reduction reaction

d)

transfer of atom or group of atoms

e)

hydrolytic breakdown of substances

70.

Which of the following biochemical reactions do oxidoreductases catalyze?

a)

hydrolytic breakdown of substances

b)

oxidation-reduction reaction

c)

isomerization reaction

d)

non-hydrolytic breakdown of substances

e)

transfer of atom or group of atoms

71.

Indicate the water content in gastric juice under normal conditions?

a)

85.5-85.9% water

b)

99.4-99.5% water

c)

75.6-75.8% water

d)

80.4-84.5% water

e)

89.4-89.9% water

72.

Indicate the normal pH of gastric juice?

a)

1.5 - 2.0

b)

10.4 - 12.8

c)

8.8 - 9.0

d)

3.0 - 5.0

e)

5.5 - 6.8

73.

What role does mucin in gastric juice play?

a)

To protect vitamin B12 from degradation

b)

for vitamin B12 absorption

c)

Protection from HCl effects

d)

to activate gastric enzymes

e)

for protein digestion

74.

In which pathological condition does lactate accumulate in large amounts in the stomach?

a)

in gastric cancer

b)

in gastric ulcer

c)

in gastric polyp

d)

in pancreatitis

e)

in hyperacid gastritis

75.

What role does hydrochloric acid in gastric juice composition play?

a)

stimulates cathepsins

b)

degrades food proteins

c)

activates sucrase

d)

participates in carbohydrate fermentation

e)

activates pepsinogen

76.

When examining gastric juice, total acidity was 90 titratable units, free acidity was 70 titratable units. What is this condition called?

a)

hyperchlorhydria

b)

hyperchloremia

c)

achlorhydria

d)

hypochlorhydria

e)

achylia

77.

Examination of gastric juice showed total acidity of 25 titratable units, free HCl - 5 titratable units. What is this condition called?

a)

hypochloremia

b)

hyperchlorhydria

c)

achylia

d)

achlorhydria

e)

hypochlorhydria

78.

When a tube was inserted in a patient, the gastric juice was yellow. Absence of hydrochloric acid indicated impaired pylorus function. What pathological substance causes the color change of gastric juice?

a)

blood

b)

lactate

c)

volatile fatty acids

d)

glucose

e)

bile

79.

Patient's gastric juice analysis results: total acidity – 28 mmol/L, free hydrochloric acid – 1.5 mmol/L, gastromucoprotein level decreased. Which vitamin deficiency is observed?

a)

riboflavin

b)

folic acid

c)

cobalamin

d)

pantothenic acid

e)

nicotinamide

80.

Histamine is used in diagnosing the functional state of the stomach. Which physiological property of histamine is considered for this purpose?

a)

enhances gastric juice secretion

b)

inhibits gastric juice secretion

c)

inhibits nerve impulse transmission

d)

improves memory

e)

constricts blood vessels

81.

What role does gastromucoprotein in gastric juice play?

a)

for vitamin B12 absorption

b)

Protection from HCl effects

c)

Protecting the mucous layer of gastric juice from self-digestion

d)

For protein digestion

e)

To activate gastric enzymes

82.

The absorption mechanism for galactose and glucose is:

a)

Primary active transport

b)

Pinocytosis

c)

Secondary active transport

d)

Facilitated diffusion

e)

Simple diffusion

83.

Indicate the process during hypoglycemia?

a)

Decrease in blood glucose level

b)

Increase in blood glucose level

c)

Decrease in glycogen formation in the liver

d)

Increase in urine glucose amount

e)

Maintaining constant blood glucose level

84.

Which process increases in the liver during alimentary hyperglycemia?

a)

Hydrolysis

b)

Glycogenolysis

c)

Glycolysis

d)

Glycogenesis

e)

Gluconeogenesis

85.

What role do ketone bodies play during prolonged fasting?

a)

Source of bile acids

b)

Source of lipids

c)

Source of glucose

d)

Source of glycogen

e)

Energy source

86.

What is the importance of bile acids in the body?

a)

Inhibitors of pancreatic lipase

b)

Activator of lipoprotein lipase

c)

Part of lipoproteins

d)

Part of chylomicrons

e)

Activators of pancreatic lipase

87.

Which gland secretes alkaline mucus that is released in the initial part of the small intestine?

a)

Brunner’s glands

b)

Pancreas

c)

Liver

d)

Salivary glands

88.

Which substance activates trypsin?

a)

Pepsin

b)

Enterokinase (enteropeptidase)

c)

Chymotrypsin

d)

Lipase

89.

What is the main function of glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver?

a)

Glycogen synthesis

b)

Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to free glucose

c)

Fatty acid synthesis

d)

Amino acid transamination

90.

Which monosaccharides are formed during the complete breakdown of lactose?

a)

Glucose and galactose

b)

Glucose and fructose

c)

Glucose only

d)

Galactose only

91.

Which hormone decreases the acidity of gastric juice?

a)

Gastrin

b)

Secretin

c)

Cholecystokinin

d)

Insulin

92.

Which enzyme limits the rate of cholesterol biosynthesis?

a)

Lipase

b)

HMG-CoA reductase

c)

Amylase

d)

Trypsin

93.

What is the main enzyme involved in the formation of glucose from pyruvate?

a)

Pyruvate kinase

b)

Pyruvate carboxylase

c)

Hexokinase

d)

Glucokinase

94.

By which mechanism is glucose transported in the small intestine?

a)

Simple diffusion

b)

Active transport via SGLT1

c)

Facilitated diffusion via GLUT2 only

d)

Endocytosis

95.

In which organelle of the enterocyte does the re-synthesis of fatty acids into triglycerides occur?

a)

Nucleus

b)

Mitochondria

c)

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

d)

Lysosome

96.

Into which products does pancreatic amylase break down starch?

a)

Glucose only

b)

Maltose and maltotriose

c)

Fructose

d)

Lactose

97.

Which coenzyme is used for transamination reactions of amino acids in the liver?

a)

NAD⁺

b)

FAD

c)

Pyridoxal phosphate Vitamin B6

d)

Coenzyme A

98.

How are chylomicrons released into the lymph from within the enterocyte?

a)

Simple diffusion

b)

Exocytosis into lacteals

c)

Active transport into portal vein

d)

Pinocytosis into blood capillaries

99.

What is the significance of bile acids in digestion?

a)

Digest proteins

b)

Emulsify fats for absorption

c)

Hydrolyze carbohydrates

d)

Increase gastric acid secretion

100.

Which additional substance is necessary for the re-formation of triglycerides after the products of dietary triglyceride hydrolysis enter the micelle and reach the intestinal epithelium?

a)

Glycerol

b)

Fatty acids

c)

Monoglycerides

d)

Coenzyme A

101.

What is the main lipid contained in a chylomicron?

a)

Phospholipids

b)

Cholesterol

c)

Triglycerides

d)

Free fatty acids

102.

In which form are pancreatic proteases secreted?

a)

Active form

b)

Zymogen (inactive precursor)

c)

Denatured proteins

d)

Free amino acids

103.

What is the direct intermediate product in the formation of ketone bodies in the liver?

a)

Acetoacetate

b)

Acetyl-CoA

c)

Beta-hydroxybutyrate

d)

HMG-CoA

104.

What is the optimal pH value of pepsin in the stomach?

a)

1–2

b)

2–3

c)

4–5

d)

6–7

105.

What are the main metabolic characteristics of bile acids?

a)

Amphiphilic, synthesized from cholesterol

b)

Hydrophilic only, synthesized from triglycerides

c)

Hydrophobic only, synthesized from fatty acids

d)

Protein-bound only

106.

Which amino acid residue is specific for the conversion of trypsinogen to trypsin?

a)

Lysine

b)

Arginine

c)

Tyrosine

d)

Phenylalanine

107.

Which bond does pancreatic lipase hydrolyze?

a)

Peptide bond

b)

Ester bond in triglycerides

c)

Glycosidic bond

d)

Phosphodiester bond

108.

To which class does the enzyme trypsin belong?

a)

Lipase

b)

Protease

c)

Amylase

d)

Nuclease

109.

How does lactose differ from maltose?

a)

Lactose is a disaccharide of glucose and galactose; maltose is glucose and glucose

b)

Lactose is glucose and glucose; maltose is glucose and fructose

c)

Lactose contains fructose; maltose contains galactose

d)

Lactose is monosaccharide; maltose is disaccharide

110.

The pepsinogen molecule secreted by gastric glands is inactive due to what reason?

a)

Low pH in stomach

b)

Protective peptide sequence (zymogen)

c)

Presence of bile

d)

High concentration of enzymes

111.

What is the main end product formed during the complete oxidation of fats?

a)

Glucose

b)

Ketone bodies

c)

Carbon dioxide and water

d)

Lactate

112.

Which structural feature determines the amphiphilic nature of bile acids?

a)

Presence of hydroxyl and methyl groups on steroid nucleus

b)

Peptide chains

c)

Carboxylic groups only

d)

Phosphate groups

113.

When the liver increases its choline content, part of it is converted into what?

a)

Betaine

b)

Acetylcholine

c)

Phosphatidylcholine

d)

Carnitine

114.

Which reaction converts bilirubin into a water-soluble form?

a)

Oxidation by peroxidase

b)

Conjugation with glucuronic acid

c)

Reduction by NADH

d)

Sulfation

115.

What is the final product of purine catabolism in the liver?

a)

Urea

b)

Ammonia

c)

Uric acid

d)

Creatinine

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