In a patient in whom one-lung ventilation is not possible, apneic oxygenation is provided. Following 10 minutes of apnea, the PCO2 would be expected to increase by what amount?

Which of the following patients with an anterior mediastinal mass cannot safely be given general anesthesia?

Which of the following is consistent with the characteristics of tracheomalacia?

Which of the following medications, when administered alone to a patient with an aortic dissection, can increase the risk of propagation of the dissection?

Which of the following interventions in a patient with a type A aortic dissection with hemopericardium is least likely to be associated with rapid decompensation?

Which of the following PFT results are most consistent with an individual with end-stage liver disease and severe ascites?

On postoperative day 2 following right lower lobectomy, an intensive care unit patient develops sudden dyspnea and hypotension and expectorates large amounts of serosanguineous sputum. On examination, the patient has markedly decreased breath sounds on the right. After endotracheal intubation, oxygen saturation decreases and it is not possible to maintain adequate tidal volumes. What is the most appropriate next intervention?

Which of the following is NOT an absolute indication for one-lung ventilation?

A right-sided double-lumen tube (DLT) is placed and both the bronchial and tracheal cuffs are inflated. Ventilation is not possible through the tracheal lumen. What can be done to improve ventilation?

Following intubation with a left double-lumen tube, placement is verified after cuff inflation. The endobronchial lumen is clamped and breath sounds are heard only on the left. Where is the distal end of the tube located?

Left double-lumen tubes are preferable to right double-lumen tubes for both left- and right-sided procedures for which of the following reasons?

Which of the following factors is inversely proportional to the degree of turbulent flow?

A child presents to the emergency department with a history of the sudden onset of cough and choking, which has resolved prior to admission. The patient currently complains of an occasional cough, but is in no significant distress. Chest x-ray demonstrates hyperinflation of the right lung and mediastinal shift to the left. Which of the following physical examination findings would be most consistent with this patient's condition?

Which of the following conditions increases FRC?

A patient presents with flow-volume loops depicting flattened inspiration and normal expiration. This is consistent with which of the following diagnoses?

Drugs that impair hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) include

A 22-year-old patient is undergoing one-lung ventilation in the thoracic intensive care unit following left lung resection surgery and begins to desaturate. Which of the following interventions will likely worsen shunt in this patient?

Which of the following regional anesthetic blocks results in the highest blood level of local anesthetics per volume injected of any block in the body?

Which of the following assessments of respiratory function are the most indicative of postoperative adverse outcomes following lung resection?

Which of the following values, assuming a 44% blood flow to the healthy lung determined by radioisotope scanning, indicates the greatest operative risk?

Noncardiogenic reperfusion pulmonary edema during single-lung transplant is a result of which of the following mechanisms?

Which of the following scenarios results in an increase in compliance of the dependent lung when moving from the supine to the lateral decubitus position?

Which of the following is an absolute indication for one-lung ventilation?

Which of the following factors is the LEAST likely to predict desaturation during one-lung ventilation?

Following 10 minutes of single-lung ventilation for a pneumonectomy, the patient's oxygen saturation begins to decrease from 100% to 79% on a FiO2 of 100%. The most appropriate intervention would be which of the following?

Which of the following maneuvers is the most effective means of increasing PaO2 during one-lung ventilation?

Which of the following criteria is the most predictive of successful weaning from the ventilator?

Prior to thoracotomy surgery, a patient's PFT results reveal a decreased RV, a decreased VC, and an increased FEV1/FVC. These results are most consistent with which of the following diagnoses?

Which of the following PFT results is most consistent with an individual with severe sarcoidosis?

Anterior spinal artery syndrome following thoracic aneurysm surgery is characterized by which of the following deficits?

In the management of subglottic stenosis, helium-oxygen mixtures (heliox) reduce airway resistance due to which of the following characteristics?

The artery of Adamkiewicz most frequently originates between which of the following levels?

Following a Nissen fundoplication for severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a patient is being monitored in the intensive care unit. On postoperative day 3 the patient is continuing to have an unusually large serosanguineous output from his chest tube. The patient is otherwise stable with no further complaints. Testing of the fluid reveals an exudative effusion with dark staining with Sudan R. Which of the following is the most likely complication?

For an awake intubation, the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is blocked by injection of local anesthetic into a closed space. Which of the following structures does NOT enclose this space?

By what mechanism does inhaled nitric oxide improve oxygenation in reperfusion injury after lung transplantation?

Which of the following modes of ventilation delays liberation from the ventilator?

Which of the following lung disorders result in hypoxemia primarily due to V/Q mismatch?

A patient with emphysema is anesthetized for lung reduction surgery. Tidal volume is 400 mL and end-tidal CO2 is 33 mm Hg. ABG results are as follows: pH 7.35, PaCO2 52 mm Hg, PaO2 277 mm Hg. Calculate the patient's VD/VT ratio.

Which of the following factors decreases dead space?

Which of the following is an advantage of pressure-limited ventilation versus volume-limited ventilation?

Which of the following risk factors is the strongest predictor of postoperative pulmonary dysfunction?

Which of the following pulmonary function guidelines indicates an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from lung resection?

Which of the following is LEAST likely to result in hypoxia during one-lung ventilation?

Which of the following bronchodilators has the least beta-2 activity?

Which of the following is the most common complication of mediastinoscopy?

Which of the following is NOT a reason that airway pressure-release ventilation is potentially superior to conventional ventilation?

Which one of the following characteristics differentiates intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) from assist control (AC)?

Which of the following interventions is implemented to increase the work of breathing?

Performance of needle decompression at the fifth intercostal space in the midaxillary line (MAL) instead of the third intercostal space at the midclavicular line (MCL) increases which of the following risks?

Evidence of which one of the following findings of tension pneumothorax is consistently seen only in ventilated patients and warrants immediate needle decompression?

Which of the following ventilatory strategies is NOT responsible for worsening shunt during one-lung ventilation?

Which of the following correctly describes a strategy by which ventilator settings are adjusted during one-lung ventilation?

A PEEP setting of 5 cm H2O is a reasonable initial ventilator setting in all but which of the following clinical scenarios?

Which of the following branches of the intercostal nerve is NOT blocked by an intercostal nerve block, making the use of this method inadequate for certain thoracotomy incisions?

Which of the following methods of thoracotomy pain management is associated with a significant incidence of paresthesias and post thoracotomy pain syndrome?

To improve thoracic epidural analgesia, clonidine is added to a patient's epidural infusion. Which of the following mechanisms explains the mechanism by which clonidine improves epidural analgesia?

Which of the following adverse events is the most common following unilateral paravertebral nerve block?

Which of the following is true regarding respiratory physiology after lung transplantation?

An 18-year-old boy with scoliosis is undergoing preoperative testing in preparation for spinal fusion. Which of the following is most predictive of the need for postoperative ventilation?

Which of the following is the most appropriate next test for the patient with an anterior mediastinal mass, a fixed pattern on flow-volume loops (FVL), and severe tracheal distortion on chest CT?

During confirmation of appropriate placement of a left-sided endobronchial tube, verification of the right upper lobe bronchus entails visualization of which of the following?

Which of the following risk factors is the LEAST likely to increase the risk of barotrauma?

Intraoperatively, following induction for a patient with COPD, the patient is noted to have elevated peak airway pressures. An elevation in which of the following is most likely to indicate that the patient would benefit from bronchodilator therapy?

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a potential complication of ventilation using elevated airway pressures?

During rigid bronchoscopy, ventilation is held. Which of the following is NOT an anticipated physiologic change resulting from the subsequent hypercapnia?

Which of the following effects is NOT an expected result of the application of PEEP to a hypoxic patient?

For laryngobronchoscopy, high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) is chosen as the means of ventilation. Which of the following provides the most important basis for this mode of ventilation?

Fifteen minutes after the initiation of HFJV, an ABG analysis is obtained, demonstrating hypercapnia. Which of the following is NOT an appropriate intervention?

Which of the following characterizes the most dependent portion of the right lung during one-lung ventilation in the right lateral decubitus position?

During pneumonectomy with one-lung ventilation, the SpO2 reading decreases to 80%, but the SvO2 remains 70%. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

Which of the following methods of lung isolation with pneumonectomy has the lowest risk of providing poor lung isolation or surgical complication?

Following a motor vehicle collision, a decision is made to donate the victim's lungs for transplantation. Complicating the deceased donor's course is an elevated urine output as high as 1,000 mL/hour. In addition to fluid resuscitation, which of the following is the most appropriate management of this condition?

Which of the following is the most common symptom of a pulmonary embolus in patients without preexisting cardiopulmonary disease?

Smoking cessation on the day before surgery results in which of the following effects?

Which of the following does NOT occur following the removal of the aortic cross-clamp during thoracic aneurysm repair?

The most appropriate prevention of hypotension prior to removal of the aortic cross-clamp during thoracic aneurysm repair consists of which of the following?

Repair of which of the following thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) results in the greatest risk of postoperative hepatic dysfunction and subsequent coagulopathy?

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for spinal cord injury after open TAA repair?

The loss of blood supply to anterior spinal cord motor neurons during TAA repair can result in spinal cord infarction, manifested by postoperative paraplegia. Which of the following is NOT a blood supply contributor to the anterior spinal cord?

Which of the following is NOT an effective strategy to prevent airway fires during laser airway surgery?

During laser airway surgery a fire occurs in the airway. According to the ASA operating room airway fire algorithm, which of the following is the recommended initial management in the response sequence?

Which of the following intravenous medications diminishes bronchospasm?

Which of the following medications can treat bronchospasm through direct depression of smooth muscle contractility and inhibition of reflex neural pathways?

Pulmonary vascular resistance is directly proportional to which of the following?

Absence of alveolar gas plateau on capnography indicates which of the following?

During one-lung ventilation with inadequate muscle relaxation the patient begins to breathe. The patient is hypercapnic, normoxic, and acidotic. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be responsible for stimulating alveolar ventilation in this patient?

While inducing general anesthesia for a tracheal resection, intubation by means of direct laryngoscopy fails with two attempts. According to the ASA Difficult Airway Algorithm, failure of intubation attempts after induction of general anesthesia, with inadequate face mask ventilation, should be followed by which of the following?

Which of the following is changed during epidural anesthesia at midthoracic levels?

Which of the following is most predictive of postoperative respiratory failure?

Which of the following characteristics or conditions does NOT decrease FRC in a spontaneously breathing individual?

Which of the following statements regarding laryngospasm is CORRECT?

A patient undergoing a palliative procedure for small cell lung cancer has been diagnosed with paraneoplastic Lambert-Eaton syndrome. Which of the following symptoms is UNLIKELY to be seen in this individual?

During one-lung ventilation, hypercapnia is a less common complication than hypoxia primarily because of which of the following factors?

Thoracic aortic aneurysm repair is undertaken in a patient with significant cardiac disease. With a pulmonary artery catheter, the cardiac index is calculated at 1.9 L/min. ABG measurements show a $$P_{alpha\dot{gamma}}$$ of 100 mm Hg, SaO_{2} is 97%, and Hgb is 10 g/dL. What is the oxygen delivery index for this patient (expressed in mL/min/m^{2})?

During one-lung ventilation the oxygen saturation decreases to 88%. ABG analysis shows PaO_{2} 60.0 mm Hg and Hgb 14.0 g/dL. Assuming a cardiac output of 5.00 LPM, what is the oxygen delivery for this patient?

A $$V_{D}/V_{T}$$ of $$0.4$$ to $$0.9$$ corresponds to which of the following scenarios?

During one-lung ventilation, end-tidal capnography indicates a low expired $$CO_{2}$$ , but ABG monitoring shows a markedly elevated $$CO_{2}$$ . Which of the following could explain this discrepancy?

The potential benefits of delaying a procedure for 24 hours for an individual who smokes include which of the following?

A 56-year-old woman presents for a left thoracotomy and lobectomy to remove a bronchial tumor. Manipulation of the mass during the procedure elicits flushing, tachycardia, increased peak inspiratory pressures, and severe hypotension. Which of the following is the most appropriate intervention to manage this patient's hypotension?