The historical argument that the 1965-66 killings were committed by a combination of army personnel and civilian militias, with the leading role varying by region.

(a)  

The author argues this thesis is incorrect and obscures the army's central organizing role.

(a)  

A commission created by President Sukarno in late 1965 to investigate the killings

(a)  

When was FFC created?

(a)  

Who created the FFC?

(a)  

Acronym for the Badan Koordinasi Kesatuan Aksi Pengganjangan Kontrev Gestapu, the Unified Coordinating Body of Actions for the Destruction of the Counterrevolutionary September 30th Movement

(a)  

It was a network of anti-PKI civilians in Bali created and controlled by the army's RPKAD to carry out massacres.

(a)  

An Islamic organization that was deeply involved in the massacres, particularly in East Java

(a)  

A term used to describe the nature of the 1965-66 killings

(a)  

The Communist Party of Indonesia.

(a)  

An Indonesian term for "free men," used by perpetrators in Medan who were members of an army-affiliated youth wing.

(a)  

The Indonesian army's para-commando regiment

(a)  

An event in early October 1965 where a group of military personnel abducted and executed six army generals in Jakarta.

(a)  

The army, under Suharto, blamed the movement on the PKI and used it as the pretext for a nationwide campaign of mass murder against the party and its supporters.

(a)  

A Major General and commander of the army at the time of the killings. The article posits that he and his clique of officers were the central organizers of the mass disappearances and later ruled Indonesia as a dictator for 32 years.

(a)  

The President of Indonesia at the time of the 1965-66 killings.

(a)  

A 2012 documentary film by Joshua Oppenheimer that featured executioners from Medan reenacting their deeds.

(a)  

Director of the act of killing

(a)  

Joshua Oppenheimer's second documentary film (2014) on the topic, which focuses on a relative of a victim confronting the perpetrators.

(a)  

In what city is the act of killing documented?

(a)  

The two executioners in the act of killing

(a)  

The journalist in the act of killing

(a)  

The side of the debate which states that the 1965-66 massacre is only an act of neighborhood killings and running amok

(a)  

Side that states that the indonesia massacre is a bureaucratic strategy of state to annihilate their citizens

(a)  

The propaganda towards the september 30th movement of pki

(a)  

A form of address for female commoners in Siam.

(a)  

The 1855 treaty that opened Siam to the world economy, which also granted extra-territorial rights to foreign consulates, allowing them to act as shelters against Thai law.

(a)  

The ruling royal house of Siam (now Thailand). King Chulalongkorn was the fifth monarch of this dynasty.

(a)  

The Thai term for royalty.

(a)  

The reign of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) from 1868–1910, conventionally regarded as the era of modernization when Siam navigated the threats of colonialism

(a)  

The residential area of the palace exclusively for women, where no male except the king was permitted to enter. It was inhabited by the king's consorts, female relatives, and their attendants.

(a)  

The Thai term for politics.

(a)  

A rank of Siamese royalty, held by the offspring of a phraongchao.

(a)  

A rank of Siamese royalty indicating royal descent, lower than momchao.

(a)  

The city or town; representing the "outside" world, modernity, and the space of commoners, in contrast to the palace.

(a)  

The legal codes governing the royal court.

(a)  

These laws codified privileges for royalty (e.g., immunity from regular courts) and imposed strict prohibitions, such as forbidding communication between palace women and unauthorized men.

(a)  

The Thai term for a commoner.

(a)  

A high rank awarded to nobles or officials in the Siamese bureaucracy.

(a)  

A rank of Siamese royalty, typically for royal children born of concubines or those with parents of certain royal ranks.

(a)  

Literally Four Reigns, an influential historical novel by Kukrit Pramoj.

(a)  

Who wrote si phaendin?

(a)  

created the iconic image of the ideal nineteenth-century palace woman through its protagonist, Phloi.

(a)  

Main character of si phaendin

(a)  

The palace; representing the "inside" world, associated with tradition, royal authority, and privilege, in contrast to the city.

(a)  

King of 5th reign chakri dynasty

(a)  

Date of chakri dynasty

(a)  

Khon di thi khaphachao rochak was written by?

(a)  

Means palace women

(a)  

Married a commoner (phrai), sold herself into debt slavery to survive, and concealed her identity. Ultimately discovered and imprisoned.

(a)  

Who did momchao on met?

(a)  

Engaged in a three-year secret correspondence with Liab, a commoner civil servant, planning a modern marriage. Their plans were discovered; Liab was imprisoned.

(a)  

momratchawong sa-ing

(a)  

Lured from the palace with a false promise of marriage to a prince. When the ruse failed, she sought refuge at the British Consulate.

(a)  

Who lured tunkaew?

(a)  

Scammed villagers by posing as a favorite of the Queen, promising royal intervention against a land company.

(a)  

A prominent subcaste within the Marwari community, belonging to the Bania (trading caste) group. The Jalan family, to which Rani Sati belonged, is this lineage

(a)  

A broad term for Hindu trading castes, including Marwaris.

(a)  

A fifty-six-course meal offered to a goddess, a ritual banned at the 1996 Rani Sati yagna.

(a)  

A wedding veil offered by women to a sati goddess to obtain blessings for a long and happy married life.

(a)  

A "great festival of the veil," a ceremony where women offer their wedding veils at a sati site. The performance of this ceremony in any sati temple was called for to be banned after Roop Kanwar's death.

(a)  

Literally "respected grandmother"; a name used to refer to Rani Sati, casting her as the matriarch of an extended lineage.

(a)  

The family lineage (kul) to which Rani Sati (Narayani Devi) originally belonged.

(a)  

A Rajput tradition where women commit mass self-immolation to avoid capture, rape, and dishonor by invaders. Rani Sati's death is sometimes compared to this practice.

(a)  

A town in the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan that is the site of the main and wealthiest Rani Sati temple

(a)  

A lineage goddess who protects a specific kul. Rani Sati was originally the —- of the Jalan family.

(a)  

A diasporic community of traders and businesspeople who migrated from the Shekhawati region of Rajasthan to cities across India, particularly Calcutta. The term is used to identify them outside of Rajasthan.

(a)  

A devout and faithful wife; an ideal role model for women that proponents of satipuja claim to be promoting.

(a)  

A traditional warrior caste in India, particularly from Rajasthan, with its own history of sati practices. Roop Kanwar was this

(a)  

The lineage goddess of the Jalan family who has become a key symbol of community identity for the wider Marwari community.

(a)  

An 18-year-old Rajput widow whose immolation in Deorala, Rajasthan, in 1987 sparked national outrage and led to the passage of laws against the glorification of sati.

(a)  

The act of widow immolation, or widow burning, banned by the colonial government in 1829. In Indian usage, it can also refer to the woman herself, who is deified for the act.

(a)  

Literally "sati goddess mother," referring to a deified woman who has committed sati and is worshipped as a paradigm of wifely virtue.

(a)  

The worship of a sati goddess. Proponents distinguish this practice from the advocacy of the act of sati.

(a)  

used as the primary idol representing Rani Sati in her temples.

(a)  

A large public fair organized around a Vedic sacrificial ritual. One was held for Rani Sati's 400th anniversary in 1996 in Jhunjhunu.

(a)  

The British colonial government passed legislation banning the act of sati (widow immolation) on?

(a)  

Year of death of roop kanwar

(a)  

The name of the legend sati who burned herself to avoid capture from invaders. Also known as rani sati

(a)  

The Rani Sati temple in Jhunjhunu planned a massive yagna(sacrificial fair) for the goddess's

(a)  

Old name of sati

(a)  

When was the managing committee of rani sati mandir was made?

(a)  

Marriage among different subgroups of a caste. This practice was promoted as a cure for social problems like dowry.

(a)  

The "gentle people," generally regarded as the Bengali middle class.

(a)  

This urban status group was a conglomerate of various castes identifiable by a set of shared values.

(a)  

Ancient law texts or codes of law.

(a)  

Sums of money that a marriageable girl's father had to pay to the boy's family. Referred to in the text with the terms pana and joutuk.

(a)  

The traditional male matchmaker in Bengal.

(a)  

The traditional female matchmaker in Bengal.

(a)  

The trade or profession of matchmaking, as practiced by ghataks

(a)  

Literally "the goddess Lakshmi of the home." An idealized image of womanhood fashioned as the epitome of tradition, signifying familial prosperity and well-being.

(a)  

Patron-client relationships, such as those early Calcutta elites maintained with professionals like ghatakswho served a family through generations.

(a)  

Families or lineages

(a)  

An arbiter of a lineage; a title earned by esteemed ghataks who devoted themselves to maintaining genealogies.

(a)  

Family genealogies, which were traditionally recorded and maintained by ghataks.

(a)  

The head of intracaste superiors; a person or family of the highest rank within a caste's internal hierarchy.

(a)  

Traditionally a collective spirit of mutual help among neighbors to strengthen resilience.

(a)  

nce. It was institutionalized by the Indonesian state as a system of communal service for public works, becoming a tool for social engineering and nation-building.

(a)  

A Japanese system that was originally a labor exchange in agricultural settings but expanded to become a mutual help system for the shared benefit of a community. It is presented as a possible parallel or source for the modern concept of gotong royong.

(a)  

"Mutual help"; one of Koentjaraningrat's two main categories of gotong royong. It refers to reciprocal communal activities to help relatives or immediate neighbors in an ad hoc, charitable manner.

(a)  

The foundational philosophical theory of Indonesia, comprising five principles. President Soekarno stated that if these five principles were condensed into one, it would be gotong royong.

(a)  

granted permission to trade at Surat in the 1610s, gradually established itself as the principal European trader in western India.

(a)  

An incident in 1919 where British-commanded Indian troops fired on a peaceful, unarmed crowd, killing four hundred people. It became a watershed moment that turned many Indians toward the goal of full independence.

(a)  

A decisive 1757 battle where Robert Clive's forces defeated the army of the nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-daulah. This victory established English control over Bengal and marked a key step toward British territorial conquest.

(a)  

An incident in 1756 where the nawab of Bengal's forces imprisoned about 60 British defenders in a tiny dungeon at Fort William. Most died of suffocation, and the event became infamous, prompting Robert Clive's military expedition to retake Calcutta.

(a)  

A Eurasian group in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) produced from the intermarriage of the Dutch with the local Sinhalese population during the period of Dutch colonial control.

(a)  

The elite administrative body that governed British India. Referred to as the "steel framework," it was staffed almost entirely by Britons until the 20th century and was responsible for ensuring the smooth operation of the colonial government.

(a)  

The term for British government or rule in India.

(a)  

A key Indian figure in the Bengal Renaissance, often called its father.

(a)  

A large-scale uprising against British rule, sparked by grievances among Indian soldiers (sepoys) over rifle cartridges greased with animal fat, but fueled by broader resentment against British annexation, reforms, and arrogance. Though suppressed, it led to the end of Company rule and the beginning of direct British imperial control.

(a)