WorksheetsAPES Units 1-5 Review (Extra Credit)
Total questions: 94
Worksheet time: 47mins
Which biome is characterized by permafrost and low-growing vegetation?
Taiga
Tundra
Savanna
Temperate Rainforest
Which reservoir contains the largest amount of phosphorus?
Atmosphere
Ocean sediments
Terrestrial plants
Soil microorganisms
A species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance is called a:
Specialist species
Indicator species
Keystone species
Invasive species
Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is calculated as:
GPP - Respiration
GPP + Respiration
Solar Energy / Area
Respiration - GPP
Which transition describes "secondary succession"?
Lichens growing on bare rock after a glacier retreats.
Grasses growing in a field after a forest fire.
The formation of an island from volcanic activity.
The initial colonization of a sand dune.
The "Island Biogeography" model predicts that the highest species richness will be found on islands that are:
Small and far from the mainland
Large and far from the mainland
Small and close to the mainland
Large and close to the mainland
In a food web, which trophic level generally has the least available energy?
Producers
Primary Consumers
Secondary Consumers
Tertiary Consumers
Which cycle does NOT have a significant gaseous phase?
Carbon cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Phosphorus cycle
Water cycle
The range of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce is called its:
Fundamental niche
Realized niche
Habitat limit
Biotic potential
A species that produces many offspring, provides little parental care, and matures quickly is:
K-selected
r-selected
Type I survivorship
Iteroparous
Which survivorship curve is characteristic of humans in developed nations?
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
The maximum population size an environment can support is known as:
Biotic potential
Exponential growth
Carrying capacity
Environmental resistance
If a population of 1,000 has a growth rate of 2%, how many years will it take to double (Rule of 70)?
14 years
35 years
70 years
140 years
In the Demographic Transition Model, which stage is characterized by high birth rates and rapidly falling death rates?
Stage 1 (Pre-industrial)
Stage 2 (Transitional)
Stage 3 (Industrial)
Stage 4 (Post-industrial)
Which of the following is a density-independent factor?
Competition for food
Disease outbreak
A catastrophic flood
Predation
A population pyramid with a very wide base indicates:
Negative growth
Rapid future growth
Zero growth
High elderly population
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is defined as:
The number of births per 1,000 people.
The average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime.
The rate at which a population replaces itself.
The percentage of women of childbearing age.
Which factor most significantly leads to a decrease in TFR?
Increased industrialization
Decreased infant mortality
Increased education for women
Decreased cost of living
Resource partitioning is a strategy used by species to:
Increase their carrying capacity
Eliminate their predators
Reduce competition for similar resources
Expand their fundamental niche
At which type of plate boundary is new seafloor created?
Convergent
Divergent
Transform
Subduction
The most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere is:
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen
Argon
Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer?
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Which soil horizon is known as "topsoil" and contains the most organic matter?
O Horizon
A Horizon
B Horizon
C Horizon
The rain shadow effect causes:
Heavy rain on the leeward side of a mountain.
Dry conditions on the windward side of a mountain.
Dry conditions on the leeward side of a mountain.
Constant fog at the mountain peak.
During an El Niño event, what happens to the trade winds in the Pacific?
They strengthen.
They weaken or reverse.
They move from North to South.
They cause increased upwelling in South America.
Earth's seasons are caused by:
The distance between Earth and the Sun.
The tilt of Earth's axis.
Fluctuations in solar flare activity.
Changes in the speed of Earth's rotation.
Which soil particle is the smallest and has the lowest permeability?
Sand
Silt
Clay
Gravel
Hadley Cells circulate air between:
0° and 30° latitude.
30° and 60° latitude.
60° and 90° latitude.
The North and South Poles.
Waters that are nutrient-poor but high in oxygen are described as:
Eutrophic
Mesotrophic
Oligotrophic
Hypoxic
The "Tragedy of the Commons" usually occurs when:
A resource is privately owned.
A resource is shared and unregulated.
A resource is abundant and renewable.
Government taxes the use of a resource.
What is the primary purpose of "The Green Revolution"?
To increase forest conservation.
To increase agricultural yields through technology and fertilizers.
To promote organic farming.
To decrease the use of GMOs.
Which irrigation method is the most efficient (loses the least water)?
Furrow irrigation
Flood irrigation
Drip irrigation
Spray irrigation
A major environmental disadvantage of "Clear-Cutting" forests is:
Increased biodiversity.
Soil erosion and increased water temperature in nearby streams.
Decreased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Reduced runoff.
"Integrated Pest Management" (IPM) focuses on:
Using only chemical pesticides.
Eliminating all insects in a field.
Minimizing crop damage using a mix of biological, physical, and chemical tools.
Growing only one type of crop (monoculture).
Which of the following is an effect of overgrazing?
Soil compaction and desertification.
Increased soil fertility.
Increased water infiltration.
Reduced methane emissions.
"Tailing" in the context of mining refers to:
The desired mineral being extracted.
Waste material left over after processing ore.
The process of restoring a mine site.
The explosive used to clear rock.
Urban sprawl often results in:
Increased reliance on public transit.
Increased "heat island" effect and runoff.
Higher population density in city centers.
Decreased use of fossil fuels.
Sustainable forestry practices include:
Large-scale clear-cutting.
Prescribed burns to reduce undergrowth and prevent massive wildfires.
Removing all dead trees to keep the forest "clean."
Planting only one species of tree.
Which of the following defines "Aquaculture"?
Filtering ocean water for drinking.
Breeding and harvesting fish in controlled environments.
Deep-sea mining for minerals.
Capturing wild fish using drift nets.
Which of the following is a non-renewable energy source?
Wind
Solar
Natural Gas
Biomass
The primary fuel used in nuclear power plants is:
Carbon-14
Uranium-235
Plutonium-239
Uranium-238
Which type of coal has the highest energy density and lowest sulfur content?
Lignite
Bituminous
Anthracite
Sub-bituminous
Fractional distillation is used to:
Extract coal from the ground.
Separate crude oil into components like gasoline and heating oil.
Create steam in a nuclear reactor.
Refine natural gas into methane.
Passive solar heating involves:
Using photovoltaic cells to create electricity.
Using pumps to circulate hot water through a house.
Designing a house with south-facing windows and dark floors to absorb heat.
Mirrors that focus sunlight on a central tower.
Which energy source produces the most particulate matter and indoor air pollution in developing nations?
Natural Gas
Biomass (wood/dung)
Nuclear
Wind
A "Cogeneration" system is one where:
Two different power plants share a grid.
Waste heat from electricity generation is used for heating buildings.
Wind and solar are used together.
Fossil fuels are mixed with biofuels.
What is a major drawback of hydrogen fuel cells?
They emit large amounts of sulfur dioxide.
It currently takes more energy to produce the hydrogen than it provides.
They only work during the daytime.
They produce radioactive waste.
Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is primarily used to extract:
Coal
Uranium
Natural Gas and Oil from shale rock
Geothermal heat
What is the term for the movement of individuals into a population?
Emigration
Immigration
Migration
Translocation
High levels of nitrates and phosphates in a lake usually lead to:
Higher dissolved oxygen.
Increased biodiversity.
Algal blooms and subsequent hypoxia.
Clearer water.
Which of the following is a "Carbon Sink"?
Animal respiration
Volcanic eruptions
The Ocean
Deforestation
The pH of normal rainfall is approximately:
7.0
5.6
4.2
8.5
"Salinization" of soil is most often caused by:
Over-application of pesticides.
Repeated irrigation in arid climates.
Planting cover crops.
Acid rain.
Which atmospheric cell is located between 30 and 60 degrees?
Hadley Cell
Ferrel Cell
Polar Cell
Coriolis Cell
Which of the following best describes "Point Source Pollution"?
Runoff from agricultural fields.
Discharge from a specific factory pipe.
Urban smog.
Acid rain over a forest.
The primary cause of the "Dead Zone" in the Gulf of Mexico is:
Oil spills.
Overfishing.
Nutrient runoff from the Mississippi River.
Warming ocean temperatures.
Which type of mining is most common for reaching deep mineral deposits?
Strip mining
Open-pit mining
Subsurface mining
Mountaintop removal
A "Specialist" species is most likely to:
Survive in a rapidly changing environment.
Have a broad range of food sources.
Be outcompeted by generalists if the environment is stable.
Become extinct if its specific habitat is destroyed.
Which biome has the highest decomposition rate due to heat and moisture?
Desert
Boreal Forest
Tropical Rainforest
Tundra
"Albedo" is a measure of:
How much heat a gas traps.
The reflectivity of a surface.
The acidity of soil.
The amount of salt in water.
Which of the following is a byproduct of anaerobic decomposition in landfills?
Oxygen
Methane
Nitrogen
Ozone
The "10% Rule" in ecology states that:
10% of toxins are lost at each level.
10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level.
10% of species go extinct every century.
10% of water is stored in plants.
Which of the following is a biotic factor?
Sunlight
Soil pH
Bacteria
Temperature
What happens during a "Thermal Inversion"?
Warm air traps cold, polluted air near the ground.
Cold air rises rapidly into the stratosphere.
The ocean floor warms up.
Carbon dioxide levels drop.
Which fuel source is often associated with "Acid Mine Drainage"?
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Uranium
The "O" horizon of soil is mainly composed of:
Parent material
Leaf litter and organic debris
Leached minerals
Solid bedrock
Which curve shows a population that has reached carrying capacity?
J-curve
S-curve
Diagonal line
Vertical line
"Genetically Modified Organisms" (GMOs) are often used in agriculture to:
Increase the need for water.
Reduce the need for chemical pesticides.
Make crops more susceptible to disease.
Decrease the shelf life of food.
Which of the following is a "Generalist" species?
Giant Panda
Koala
Raccoon
Spotted Owl
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) is a measure used for:
Air quality
Water quality
Soil texture
Wind speed
Photovoltaic cells convert:
Wind into electricity
Sunlight directly into electricity
Heat into steam
Water into hydrogen
Which of the following is a greenhouse gas?
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Methane
Argon
Coriolis Effect causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to deflect to the:
Left
Right
North
South
Replacement Level Fertility for most human populations is approximately:
1.0
2.1
3.5
5.0
Monoculture farming leads to:
Increased biodiversity
Reduced risk of crop-specific pests
Increased vulnerability to disease
Improved soil nutrients
Permeability refers to:
The amount of space between soil particles
The speed at which water flows through soil
The color of the soil
The amount of nitrogen in the soil
Which type of light is absorbed by the ozone layer?
Infrared
Visible
Ultraviolet (UV)
Microwave
Upwelling is important to fisheries because:
It brings warm water to the surface
It brings nutrient-rich cold water to the surface
It carries pollution away from the coast
It decreases the salt content of the water
Gully erosion is a severe form of:
Wind erosion
Water erosion
Glacial erosion
Tectonic movement
Crude death rate is the number of deaths per:
100 people
1,000 people
10,000 people
100,000 people
Which is a benefit of intercropping?
It uses more fertilizer
It reduces the need for pesticides by confusing insects
It makes harvesting easier with machines
It requires only one type of soil
Half-life is a term used to describe the decay of:
Biomass
Radioactive isotopes
Solar panels
Batteries
CAFE Standards refer to:
Food safety in cafeterias
Fuel economy standards for vehicles
Carbon emission limits for factories
Clean water standards for rivers
A convergent plate boundary where an oceanic plate meets a continental plate usually forms:
Mid-ocean ridges
Rift valleys
Subduction zones and volcanic arcs
Fault lines like the San Andreas
Tilling the soil can lead to:
Higher moisture retention
Increased soil erosion and loss of organic matter
Deeper root systems
Increased carbon sequestration
The B horizon is also known as the zone of:
Leaching
Accumulation (Illuviation)
Decomposition
Weathering
Sustainability means:
Using all resources now to ensure economic growth
Meeting needs of the present without compromising future generations
Stopping all industrial activity
Moving all human populations to cities
Which energy source is considered carbon neutral if managed correctly?
Coal
Nuclear
Biomass
Natural gas
Commensalism is a relationship where:
Both species benefit
One benefits and the other is harmed
One benefits and the other is unaffected
Both species are harmed
Denitrification occurs mostly in:
Dry, sandy soils
Anaerobic (waterlogged) soils
The stratosphere
Glaciers
Porosity is defined as:
The speed of water flow
The percentage of pore space in a soil or rock
The acidity of the soil
The weight of the soil
Which of the following is a density-dependent factor?
Forest fire
Hurricane
Competition for nesting sites
Volcanic eruption
The age of marriage is inversely correlated with:
Literacy rates
Total Fertility Rate
Life expectancy
GDP
Geothermal energy comes from:
The Sun
The wind
Heat within the Earth
Decaying plants
