It pumps more $$H^+$$ into the lumen using ATP

It allows $$H^+$$ to diffuse into the stroma, coupling this flow to ATP formation

It uses $$H^+$$ to reduce NADP+ to NADPH

It converts glucose into ATP as $$H^+$$ flows

They provide the energy and electrons needed to build carbohydrates from $$CO_2$$

They break down glucose to release $$CO_2$$

They supply oxygen for the splitting of water

They create the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane

The Calvin cycle produces ATP and NADPH used by the light reactions

The light reactions produce ATP and NADPH that power the Calvin cycle

Both stages independently produce glucose from $$CO_2$$

Both stages occur in the thylakoid lumen and share the same enzymes

Water is split, releasing oxygen, electrons, and protons

NADP+ is reduced directly to NADPH

Carbon dioxide is fixed to RuBP

Glucose is synthesized from G3P

Splitting water to replace lost electrons

Pumping protons into the thylakoid lumen

Reducing NADP+ to NADPH using high-energy electrons

Releasing oxygen as a waste product

$$CO_2$$ – enters the chloroplast from the atmosphere through stomata

$$H_2O$$ – absorbed by roots and delivered to chloroplasts through xylem

Glucose – produced in mitochondria and imported into chloroplasts

NADPH – generated in the Calvin cycle and sent to thylakoids

ATP, NADPH, $$CO_2$$

$$H_2O$$ , $$O_2$$ , ATP

NADP+, ADP, $$P_i$$

Glucose, $$O_2$$ , $$CO_2$$

$$CO_2 + H_2O \rightarrow CH_2O + O_2$$

$$6 CO_2 + 6 H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6 O_2$$

$$6 CO_2 + 12 H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6 O_2$$

$$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6 O_2 \rightarrow 6 CO_2 + 6 H_2O$$

$$CO_2$$ and $$H_2O$$ are products; glucose and $$O_2$$ are reactants

$$CO_2$$ and $$O_2$$ are energy sources; $$H_2O$$ and glucose are enzymes

$$CO_2$$ and $$H_2O$$ are reactants; glucose and $$O_2$$ are products

$$CO_2$$ and glucose are products; $$H_2O$$ and $$O_2$$ are reactants

ATP

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen Gas

NADPH

ATP

Glucose

Phosphorylation

Fermentation

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Calvin Cycle

Photosynthesis

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Stroma

Oxygen

NADP+

ATP

Glucose

To generate a proton gradient for ATP synthesis

To produce water from oxygen

To fix carbon dioxide into glucose

To break down glucose for energy

oxygen; glucose

carbon dioxide, glucose

oxygen; water

carbon dioxide; water

Conversion of ATP into ADP +P_i

Electrons from photosystem I

Protons from the thylakoid space

Oxygen from the photolysis of water

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

ATP

Nitrogen

Farts

Uses ATP, NADPH and enzymes to fix CO₂ to 5-carbon sugars to produce glucose

Breaks down pyruvate to produce electron carrier molecules like NADH and FADH₂

Converts glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules and a small amount of ATP and NADH

Transfers the energy from photons through the ETC to create NADPH, oxygen and protons

Oxygen

Sugar/Glucose

Carbon Dioxide

Water

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Calvin Cycle

Light Dependent Reaction

carbon dioxide

oxygen

light

water

light, water, sugar

sugars, NADP⁺, ADP + P

oxygen, ATP, NADPH

water, carbon dioxide, NADP⁺

ADP, NADP+ and C₆H₁₂O₆

ATP, NADPH and O₂

O₂ and C₆H₁₂O₆

H₂O, Light and CO₂

Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide

ATP

NADPH

stroma

thylakoid

granum

double membrane

ATP

Glucose

Oxygen

NADP+

To fix carbon dioxide

To produce glucose

To release electrons and protons

To generate ATP directly