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WorksheetsSAS 013 Midterm 1 — Worksheet Questions (Grade 13)
Total questions: 121
Worksheet time: 1hrs 1mins
Led the Human Genome Project.
Francis Collins
John Enders
Maurice Hilleman
Tu Youyou
Identified the gene responsible for cystic fibrosis as the CFTR gene on chromosome 7.
Francis Collins
Akiko Iwasaki
Rachel Carson
Robert Koch
Developed the first successful measles vaccine.
John Enders
Maurice Hilleman
Andrew Wakefield
Edward Livingston Trudeau
Created the MMR vaccine using three attenuated viruses, using his own daughter's infection.
Maurice Hilleman
John Enders
Robert Koch
Jim Carrey
Published a fraudulent study that linked the MMR vaccine to autism and sought to patent a single measles vaccine.
Andrew Wakefield
Jenny McCarthy
Akiko Iwasaki
Emily Bissell
Actress with an autistic son who promoted a link between vaccines and autism and advocated for “safe vaccines.”
Jenny McCarthy
Rachel Carson
Tu Youyou
Emily Bissell
Actor who criticized California's mandatory vaccination law in 2015 and spoke out against vaccines along with Jenny McCarthy.
Jim Carrey
Francis Collins
Robert Koch
Stephan Schwander
Announced discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the bacterium causing TB on March 24, 1882 (World TB Day).
Robert Koch
Edward Livingston Trudeau
Maurice Hilleman
John Enders
In 1890, introduced a tuberculin-based “cure” for TB that was not effective, caused people to get sick, and almost ended his career.
Robert Koch
Edward Livingston Trudeau
Francis Collins
Andrew Wakefield
Started the first sanitarium in the United States in 1884 at Saranac Lake, New York (Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium; “little red cottage”).
Edward Livingston Trudeau
Emily Bissell
Robert Koch
Jenny McCarthy
Started the Christmas Seal Campaign to raise money for a sanitarium facing closure and spread awareness about healthy practices like hand washing.
Emily Bissell
Rachel Carson
Akiko Iwasaki
Tu Youyou
Professor who studies why air pollution affects people's immunity for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Stephan Schwander
Francis Collins
Andrew Wakefield
Jim Carrey
Discovered artemisinin as a treatment for malaria and how to effectively extract it in 1972; later became the first Chinese female Nobel Prize recipient.
Tu Youyou
Rachel Carson
Akiko Iwasaki
Maurice Hilleman
Worked for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, published Silent Spring in 1962 exposing pesticides such as DDT, and helped spark the environmental movement.
Rachel Carson
Emily Bissell
Jenny McCarthy
Akiko Iwasaki
Diagnostic system of the World Health Organization that provides global-standard health data codes used for morbidity/mortality statistics, billing/reimbursement, and research/resource allocation.
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
Physician’s Desk Reference
Human Genome Project database
Endorsed by the 72nd World Health Assembly in 2019 and effective globally in 2022, this revision allows for more detail and flexibility in coding, potentially making the clinical modification unnecessary.
ICD-11
ICD-10
IICD (1893)
DALYs
Used in the United States to code diseases and medical conditions (morbidity data).
ICD Clinical Modification
ICD-11
Global Burden of Disease Study
International List of Causes of Death
The International List of Causes of Death, established in 1893, eventually became which system in 1948?
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
Global Burden of Disease Study
ICD Clinical Modification
DALYs
Classification that groups diseases by body systems such as muscular, digestive, nervous, urinary, reproductive, cardiovascular, endocrine, lymphatic, respiratory, and skeletal.
Disease classification by body systems
Disease classification by etiology
Geographic classification of disease
Age-based classification
Classification that groups diseases by their cause (infectious, genetic, environmental).
Disease classification by etiology
Disease classification by body systems
Severity-based classification
Treatment-based classification
Deficiency most commonly associated with goiter.
Iodine
Vitamin C
Iron
Vitamin D
Vitamin deficiency that causes scurvy and is associated with loss of teeth, sunken eyes, and pale skin.
Vitamin C
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin B12
Diseases characterized by having multiple contributing factors such as infectious, genetic, and environmental influences (examples include cancer, asthma, heart disease, and diabetes).
Multifactorial diseases
Monogenic diseases
Communicable diseases
Autoimmune diseases
Term referring to the impact of a health problem on a population.
Disease burden
Incidence rate
Case fatality
Comorbidity
Represents the loss of one year of full health.
One DALY
One QALY
One YLL
One YLD
Calculation defined as DALYs equal years of life lost due to premature mortality plus years lived with disability.
DALYs = YLL + YLD
DALYs = Incidence × Prevalence
DALYs = YLL − YLD
DALYs = QALYs × YLL
On the disability weight scale, which value corresponds to full health?
0
0.5
1
0.25
According to the Global Burden of Disease Study, which type of disease more heavily impacts low-income countries?
Communicable diseases
Noncommunicable diseases
Genetic disorders
Occupational injuries
According to the Global Burden of Disease Study, which type of disease more heavily impacts higher-income countries?
Noncommunicable diseases
Communicable diseases
Parasitic infections
Zoonotic diseases
Year noted for the Global Burden of Disease Study in this worksheet.
2021
2015
1893
1962
Term for a condition noticed or reported by the patient (subjective).
Symptom
Sign
Etiology
Burden
Term for a condition noticed or measured by others (objective).
Sign
Symptom
Etiology
Burden
View that emphasizes the undesirability of diseases and the harms and limitations they bring to patients and society, treats diseases as social constructs, and is value-laden.
Normativist
Naturalist
Determinist
Reductionist
View that requires only the presence of biological dysfunction, treats disease as an objective scientific matter, and holds that normal function contributes to survival and reproduction.
Naturalist
Normativist
Relativist
Constructivist
Language of origin for the English word disease, from the early 14th-century term meaning discomfort from “lack of ease.”
Old French
Latin
Old English
Greek
According to the study sheet table, what is the current vaccination rate in the United States for measles, noted as insufficient for herd immunity.
92.5%
80%
99%
70%
The table describes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on measles worldwide. Which statement matches the data presented.
128,000 measles deaths occurred in 2021, and 130,000 in 2022.
Measles deaths fell below 10,000 in both 2021 and 2022.
Measles deaths were not reported during the pandemic.
Measles deaths exceeded one million in 2022.
In the study sheet, Mycobacterium is characterized as.
A large family of bacteria found in soil and water that includes pathogens causing tuberculosis and leprosy.
A virus family primarily causing influenza.
A protozoan group mainly found in freshwater.
A fungal genus that causes ringworm.
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is defined in the table as tuberculosis affecting organs outside the lungs. Which example is listed.
Pott's disease (spine)
Otitis media (ear)
Dermatophytosis (skin)
Appendicitis
What mode of spread is described for lymphohematogenous spread of tuberculosis.
Through lymphatic and blood systems
Via contaminated food only
Direct contact with intact skin
Through insect vectors exclusively
According to the table, what are alveoli.
Air sacs of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs
Blood vessels that transport nutrients
Nerve endings that detect pain
Muscle fibers responsible for contraction
What role do alveolar macrophages play in tuberculosis as described.
They ingest Mycobacterium tuberculosis and attempt to destroy it.
They produce oxygen to aid gas exchange.
They secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension.
They form hemoglobin to carry oxygen.
Which statement about phagocytosis is provided.
It is an immune response where macrophages engulf and attempt to kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
It is the replication of bacteria within macrophages.
It is the exchange of gases in the alveoli.
It is the transmission of TB through aerosols.
What property of mycolic acids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is highlighted.
They form a waxy cell wall that protects the bacteria from being degraded or killed by macrophages.
They are enzymes that digest macrophages.
They are toxins that paralyze cilia.
They are pigments that aid photosynthesis.
What is a granuloma (tubercle) in tuberculosis according to the table.
A collection of macrophages attempting to wall off infected alveolar macrophages, associated with latent TB
A cavity formed by tumor necrosis in lung cancer
A cluster of viral particles in airway mucus
A blood clot blocking an artery
Which description matches latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the study sheet.
Bacteria are present but inactive without symptoms; person is non-contagious.
Bacteria actively replicate causing severe cough; person is highly contagious.
Virus remains dormant until activated by fever.
Fungal spores colonize the skin causing rash.
What proportion of people with latent tuberculosis infection are noted to develop active TB.
5–10%
25–30%
40–50%
0%
Which feature of the tuberculin skin test is specified.
Intradermal injection into the forearm with extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Intramuscular injection into the thigh with live bacilli.
Oral administration of rifampin.
Venipuncture for interferon-gamma assay.
For interpreting a positive tuberculin skin test, what local finding is emphasized.
Area of induration (firm swelling), not redness
A bruise at the site
Pus drainage
Fever at the time of injection
Which group is noted to have potential false positive tuberculin skin test results.
Individuals vaccinated with BCG
People with seasonal allergies
Individuals with diabetes
Smokers only
Which group is noted to have potential false negative tuberculin skin test results.
Immunocompromised individuals
Individuals with recent sunburn
Children under five only
People with high BMI
Which testing method is described as preferred for people who received BCG vaccine or have difficulty returning for a second appointment to read the TST.
TB blood test (interferon-gamma release assay)
Chest x-ray
Urine culture
Sputum Gram stain
According to the sheet, what is the role of a chest x-ray when a TB test is positive.
Shows whether active pulmonary TB is present by identifying areas of opacity or cavitation.
Proves the person has latent TB only.
Detects viral pneumonia exclusively.
Replaces all laboratory testing.
What is cavitation in tuberculosis as described.
Breakdown of lung tissue creating a cavity that enhances bacterial transmission and drug resistance risk
Formation of fluid-filled blisters on the skin
Development of bone lesions in the spine
Accumulation of pleural fluid without tissue loss
What is CAD in the context of TB imaging.
Computer-Aided Detection software recommended by WHO in 2021 for interpreting chest x-rays for TB screening and triaging
Cardiac arrhythmia detection during EKG
Calcium deposition measurement in bones
Community-acquired disease surveillance only
Which statement about Ziehl–Neelson acid-fast staining of sputum smear is listed.
It identifies acid-fast bacteria such as Mycobacteria and is fast and inexpensive.
It is a culture method requiring 2–6 weeks.
It detects viral RNA within 24 hours.
It is specific only for M. tuberculosis with zero false negatives.
In the study sheet, what main limitation of culture for TB diagnosis is highlighted.
Slow growth taking 2–6 weeks
Immediate results within minutes
Specific only for M. tuberculosis
No chance of false negatives
Rapid molecular/nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) of sputum are described as.
Highly accurate, fast diagnostics that detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and rifampin resistance within 24 hours
Primarily serologic tests that measure antibodies over several weeks
Cultures that require 2–6 weeks to grow organisms
Imaging tests using x-rays to visualize cavities
Which antibiotic introduced in 1966 is noted to have revolutionized TB treatment.
Rifampin
Penicillin
Azithromycin
Vancomycin
What total treatment durations are listed for TB in the study sheet.
Approximately 4 months and 6–9 months
Less than 2 weeks only
Exactly 12 months for all cases
One day inpatient therapy
Which concern is associated with the TB treatment "pill burden" as described.
Non-adherence can lead to treatment failure, relapse, and increased drug resistance risk due to many pills and side effects.
It guarantees perfect adherence and cure.
It reduces the need for monitoring.
It eliminates transmission risk immediately.
Which statement about BCG vaccine is included.
It is based on live, attenuated Mycobacterium bovis and has variable efficacy against pulmonary TB.
It is an mRNA vaccine universal in the United States.
It was first used after 2000.
It prevents all forms of TB with 100% efficacy.
Which short-course regimen for treatment of latent TB is listed.
3 months of once-weekly isoniazid plus rifapentine (3HP)
12 months of daily amoxicillin
2 weeks of azithromycin
Daily interferon injections for 1 month
How is multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) defined in the table.
Resistance to isoniazid and rifampin
Resistance to penicillin only
Resistance to ethambutol only
Resistance exclusively to fluoroquinolones
Which definition of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is listed.
Resistance to isoniazid, rifampin, at least one fluoroquinolone, and at least one additional Group A drug (such as bedaquiline or linezolid)
Resistance to isoniazid only
Resistance to rifampin only
Resistance to penicillin and amoxicillin
Which target for 2035 is part of the SDGs/WHO End TB strategy stated.
95% reduction in TB deaths compared with 2015
Increase in TB incidence by 50%
Universal BCG vaccination in all countries
Elimination of chest x-rays from TB care
What change in global TB incidence between 2020 and 2023 is reported.
Increase of 4.6% in the incidence rate
Decrease of 20% in the incidence rate
No change in incidence
Increase of 50% in the incidence rate
What consequence is noted for U.S. withdrawal from WHO/ending of USAID related to TB reduction efforts and funding.
Disruptions to TB services and loss of a major funder that had supported responses to HIV, malaria, and TB in low- and middle-income countries
Immediate increase in domestic TB funding only
No impact on global TB efforts
Automatic elimination of TB worldwide
Which diseases are listed as the "Big Three" infectious diseases.
Tuberculosis, Malaria, and HIV/AIDS
Influenza, COVID-19, and measles
Cholera, typhoid, and dengue
Syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia
What interaction between HIV/AIDS and TB is emphasized.
People living with HIV are 18 times more likely to develop active TB, and TB is the leading killer of people with HIV.
HIV infection prevents TB disease.
TB cures HIV by boosting immunity.
There is no relationship between HIV and TB.
What is the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria described as.
A worldwide financing mechanism investing up to $5 billion per year to defeat HIV, TB, and malaria
A local clinic in New York
An imaging technique for lungs
A single-country grant limited to the U.S.
What did the re-examination of "Dr. Granville's mummy" reveal according to the sheet.
She died of tuberculosis rather than a tumor.
She died of influenza.
She died due to poisoning.
She died from a bone fracture.
Which historical name for tuberculosis is associated with ancient Greece, as noted.
Phthisis (to decay; waste away)
Koch's disease
White plague
Pott's disease
Which condition associated with the industrial revolution and urbanization (1750–1900) is listed as contributing to rampant TB.
Severe overcrowding with poor housing and unhygienic conditions
Universal clean air regulations
Widespread vaccination programs
High-quality nutrition for all
Which historical misconception about the etiology of TB is noted.
Thought to be hereditary and even caused by vampires in 19th-century New England
Correctly identified as bacterial by Hippocrates
Attributed to excessive exercise only
Linked to mosquito bites exclusively
When is World TB Day observed, as stated.
March 24, commemorating Robert Koch's discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the bacterium causing TB
January 1, marking the start of the year
July 4, commemorating independence
December 25, holiday observance
Which treatment elements were typical of sanatoriums for TB listed in the sheet.
Fresh air, rest and exercise, healthy diet, and isolation
Chemotherapy and radiation
Surgery alone
No medical care
Which statement about the first U.S. sanatorium for TB matches the sheet.
Opened by Edward Livingston Trudeau at Saranac Lake, NY in 1884
Opened by Robert Koch in Berlin in 1921
Located in San Francisco in 1900
Founded by Louis Pasteur in Paris in 1888
Which trend in U.S. TB mortality and public health education is noted.
Deaths fell from 194 per 100,000 in 1900 to 46 per 100,000 in 1940, with reduction occurring prior to antibiotics and dropping due to increased public health education about TB.
Deaths rose sharply after antibiotics.
Mortality remained unchanged from 1900 to 1940.
Public health education had no influence on TB trends.
Which statement accurately describes the National Tuberculosis Association’s evolution and campaign history, as summarized at the top of the study sheet?
Founded as NASPT in 1904, renamed to National Tuberculosis Association in 1918, later to American Lung Association in 1973, oldest American voluntary health organization, led by Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau, launched a massive education campaign against tuberculosis
Founded as CDC in 1918, renamed to NASPT in 1973, focused on malaria only, first president Jonas Salk, promoted vaccination campaigns against measles
Created in 1904 as a federal agency under NIH, renamed to National Cancer Association in 1918, later to American Heart Association in 1973, led by Dr. Albert Sabin, organized polio eradication
Begun in 1973 as a private foundation for influenza, renamed to National Tuberculosis Association in 1904, later to American Lung Association in 1918, first president Florence Nightingale, focused on nursing reform
Which description best matches Christmas Seals, as presented in the study sheet table?
Labels placed on mail during the Christmas season to raise funds and awareness, started by Emily Bissell to raise money for a sanatorium
Postage stamps issued by the U.S. Postal Service to commemorate tuberculosis vaccines
Holiday cards sent by CDC to advertise flu shots
A charity concert series founded by Jonas Salk to support polio research
According to the worksheet, public spitting was campaigned against during the tuberculosis era primarily because:
It was common and women’s dresses would drag in spit on the ground
Spitting improved ventilation in crowded areas
It was recommended for clearing airways during influenza
It was required by law in many cities
Which statement defines a vector-borne disease as used in the worksheet?
An infectious disease acquired from organisms that transmit a pathogen from one host to another
A disease spread only by contaminated water
An illness caused exclusively by airborne viruses
A non-communicable condition transmitted genetically
Which feature of Anopheles mosquitoes is highlighted in the worksheet?
Only the females are vectors for malaria
Both males and females transmit malaria equally
Only males feed on blood and transmit malaria
Neither males nor females transmit malaria; ticks are the true vector
In the Plasmodium life cycle described, which event occurs in the mosquito midgut?
Gametocytes reproduce sexually forming sporozoites that migrate to the salivary glands
Merozoites re-enter the human bloodstream and infect red blood cells
Parasites rapidly infect liver cells within 30 minutes of transmission
Hemolysis releases new parasites from red blood cells
According to the life cycle summary, within 30 minutes after an infected mosquito bite, what happens in the human host?
Parasites reach and infect liver cells, multiply for 5–16 days, often without symptoms
Parasites immediately cause high fever and rash
Parasites attach to the skin and remain dormant
Parasites directly infect the brain causing seizures
Which statement describes the periodicity of a “malaria attack” listed in the worksheet?
Symptoms come in waves with cold stage, hot stage, and sweating stage followed by return to normal temperature and tiredness
Continuous low-grade fever without chills for several weeks
Single episode of diarrhea and vomiting with no fever
Gradual onset of cough and congestion lasting months
What does hemolysis refer to in the worksheet?
Rupture or destruction of red blood cells
Formation of spores in the mosquito midgut
Production of antibodies by white blood cells
Clotting of blood in capillaries
Which effect is attributed to “sticky” infected red blood cells in malaria, per the worksheet?
Stick to the lining of blood vessels and are not filtered out by the spleen
Generate inflammation
Cause other non-infected RBCs to stick to them, clogging vessels
Release insulin to regulate glucose
Which severe malaria complications are listed in the worksheet? Select all that apply.
Cerebral malaria with seizures and coma
Severe anemia due to hemolysis
Acute kidney injury
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
What is examined with the blood smear technique described on the worksheet?
Thin and thick blood smears under a microscope to detect, identify, and quantify Plasmodium parasites
Urine sediment for bacterial cells
Sputum samples for tuberculosis bacilli only
Skin scrapings for fungal hyphae
Which statement about the Giemsa stain aligns with the worksheet description?
It is the gold standard for identifying Plasmodium parasites in blood films by staining cytoplasm blue and chromatin red
It is used only for Gram-positive bacteria in sputum
It stains liver tissue green to detect hepatitis
It is specific for viral particles in saliva
According to the worksheet, the Rapid Diagnostic Test for malaria is characterized by which feature?
Rapid antigen test that detects parasite antigens in a fingerstick blood sample
PCR test requiring a laboratory for DNA amplification
Culture-based test that grows Plasmodium in vitro
Imaging test using ultrasound to locate parasites in the spleen
Which organization preceded the CDC and was established in 1942, as described in the worksheet?
Office of Malaria Control in War Areas
National Institutes of Health
World Health Organization
American Lung Association
Which vector control technique targets mosquitoes at the larval stage, per the worksheet list?
Larvicides
Diesel oil on water
Insecticide-treated bed nets
Indoor residual spraying
Which property of DDT is noted in the worksheet?
Very persistent in the environment and probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A); banned in the U.S. in 1972
Rapidly degrades within hours and is considered non-toxic to humans
Approved as safe for indoor spraying in the U.S. since 2004
Used exclusively as a larvicide with no environmental impact
Which event helped birth the environmental movement, according to the worksheet?
Publication of Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring
Establishment of WHO in 1948
Invention of PCR in the 1980s
Development of chloroquine in World War II
Where is indoor residual spraying applied in malaria-endemic regions per the worksheet?
Interior walls and ceilings of houses, with about 10% reduction reported in the noted context
Only on bed nets
Only outdoors on vegetation
Exclusively on livestock shelters
What did the 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (enforced 2004) include, as stated on the worksheet?
A limited exemption for the use of DDT to control mosquitoes that transmit malaria
A complete global ban on all pesticides including pyrethroids
Authorization for unlimited agricultural use of DDT
A directive to discontinue all insecticide-treated bed nets
Which statement best summarizes insecticide-treated bed nets per the worksheet?
Most feeding occurs at night; long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) last about 3 years and their uptake contributed to a 70% reduction in malaria cases in Africa between 2000 and 2015
Mosquitoes feed only during the day; nets are ineffective beyond one month
LLINs are primarily toxic to humans and therefore discouraged
Nets increase malaria transmission by providing resting sites for mosquitoes
Which statement about quinine and related antimalarials matches the worksheet?
Quinine is no longer recommended as first-line for malaria; chloroquine is a synthetic derivative; hydroxychloroquine is less toxic; artemisinin-based combination therapies are used to prevent resistance
Quinine remains the only recommended therapy; chloroquine is a natural herb; hydroxychloroquine is more toxic; artemisinin should be used alone
Quinine and chloroquine are vaccines; hydroxychloroquine is an antiviral; ACTs are obsolete
Quinine is banned; artemisinin is ineffective and never combined
Which malaria vaccine detail is provided in the worksheet?
RTS,S (Mosquirix) recommended by WHO in October 2021 for children in regions with moderate to high P. falciparum transmission; ~50% protective
BCG is the malaria vaccine endorsed since 1970; 95% protective
RTS,S is an adult-only vaccine with 90% efficacy
No malaria vaccine has been endorsed
Which statement about the R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine aligns with the worksheet?
Endorsed by WHO in October 2023 with about 75% effectiveness
Withdrawn by WHO due to safety concerns
Provides lifelong sterilizing immunity
Recommended only for adults over age 65
According to the worksheet, which description accurately reflects COVID-19?
Disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 with symptoms such as fever or chills, cough, sore throat, congestion or runny nose; some cases are completely asymptomatic
Bacterial illness spread only by mosquitoes
Fungal lung disease always symptomatic
Genetic disorder affecting chloride channels
Which genetic change causes cystic fibrosis as listed on the worksheet?
Mutation in the CFTR gene leading to thick, dehydrated mucus that clogs lungs and other organs
Chromosomal trisomy causing immune deficiency
Deletion in hemoglobin gene causing anemia
Mitochondrial mutation causing neurodegeneration
Which statements about myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) match the worksheet? Select all that apply.
Extreme fatigue worsens with physical or mental activity
Cause unknown with no available diagnostic test
Often follows an acute viral-like illness
Diagnosis of exclusion because fatigue is common to other diseases
Which description of Long COVID matches the worksheet?
Persistent symptoms following initial COVID-19 infection that are not explained by tests and can be easy or hard to manage, similar to CFS symptoms
Immediate recovery with no lingering effects
Condition caused by bacterial superinfection only
State of permanent immunity after infection
Which statement about tetanus in the worksheet is accurate?
Wound infections by a neurotoxin-producing anaerobic soil bacterium (Clostridium tetani); cannot get out of puncture wounds; cannot spread person-to-person
Viral disease spread by sneezing and highly contagious
Fungal infection of the skin that spreads through contact
Autoimmune condition triggered by vaccines
What environmental context is associated with Legionnaire’s disease in the worksheet?
Inhalation of aerosol containing Legionella bacteria from warm water environments such as fountains, hot tubs, or air-conditioning systems; noncommunicable
Transmission primarily via person-to-person coughing
Spread through soil ingestion only
Foodborne transmission from undercooked poultry
Which description of shingles matches the worksheet?
Reactivation of the chickenpox virus in the body causing a painful rash
Primary infection by bacteria causing joint pain only
Allergic reaction to medications
Parasite invasion of the liver
Which transmission route is primarily associated with hepatitis C as noted in the worksheet?
Exposure to infected blood leading to liver inflammation; sexual transmission is rare
Airborne droplets causing lung inflammation
Fecal–oral transmission exclusively
Mosquito-borne transmission
Which statement about herpes simplex virus/cold sores matches the worksheet?
Lifelong infection that can reactivate due to stress, illness, or sun, causing painful crusting sores that heal in weeks; small fluid-filled blisters form on or around the mouth; antivirals can speed healing
Short self-limited rash with no blisters and no recurrence
Bacterial infection cured by antibiotics only
Genetic inherited disorder of lip tissues
According to the worksheet, how do Staph infections commonly enter the body?
Through cuts, scrapes, or skin conditions
By breathing airborne spores
Through insect bites only
By eating contaminated canned foods
Which description of mpox on the worksheet is correct?
Contagious disease caused by a member of the orthopoxvirus family, characterized by painful blistering rash and flu-like symptoms, spread through close contact including sexual contact or via contaminated materials
Bacterial pneumonia spread only by droplets
Fungal skin disease spread by pets
Non-infectious autoimmune rash
Which features of Ebola Virus Disease are listed in the worksheet? Select all that apply.
Severe hemorrhagic fever with vomiting and diarrhea
Transmission via blood, vomit, feces, urine, saliva, sweat, tears, semen, and breastmilk
Noted 2014–2016 epidemic in West Africa
Caused by a coronavirus
Which description of mononucleosis from the worksheet is accurate?
Highly contagious viral infection usually caused by Epstein–Barr virus with extreme fatigue, fever, severe sore throat, swollen lymph nodes; known as the kissing disease
Bacterial illness spread by sharing towels
Fungal infection causing skin peeling
Genetic disorder of lymph nodes
Which statements about HIV in the worksheet are correct? Select all that apply.
Spread through blood, breast milk, semen, and vaginal secretion
Retrovirus that targets CD4 T cells
Untreated infection can lead to AIDS, the advanced stage
Transmitted by casual contact like hugging
Which characteristics of measles are given in the worksheet? Select all that apply.
Airborne and highly contagious with 9/10 susceptibility among exposed individuals
R0 estimated at 12–18
Infectious 4 days before to 4 days after rash
Lifelong immunity following infection
Which statement about autism reflects the worksheet notes?
Developmental disorder marked by deficits in communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind; a false link between vaccines and autism led to a drop in vaccination; diagnosis occurs around the age expected for MMR vaccination
Primarily an infectious disease linked to measles virus
Caused by malnutrition during infancy only
Spread by airborne droplets among schoolchildren
Which description of tuberculosis in the worksheet is accurate?
Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, airborne transmission; chronic cough with blood in sputum, fever, night sweats, pallor, weight loss; miliary TB is wide dissemination; more common in children and immunosuppressed people
Viral illness causing rash and diarrhea only
Noncommunicable genetic lung disorder
Fungal disease restricted to skin
Which concise definition of malaria is provided on the final page of the worksheet?
Vector-borne disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood (genus Anopheles)
Bacterial foodborne illness from contaminated meat
Fungal infection of the skin acquired in showers
Genetic blood disorder inherited from parents
