• proposed by Henry Otley Beyer
• suggests that early humans came in the Philippines in several waves
❖started with the “Dawn man” who were mostly cavemen like the Java
Man and Peking Man

proposed by F. Landa Jocano (An anthropologist from University of the
Philippines and a protegé of H. Otley Beyer.)
❖There were already inhabitants in the island before the coming of
Negritoes and Malays, as proven by the discovery in 1962 of a human
skullcap and a portion of a jaw in the Tabon Caves in Palawan

Project leader and registered by Dr. Armand Mijares (UP Diliman
Archaeologist)
❖The hominin—identified from a total of seven teeth and six small
bones—hosts a patchwork of ancient and more advanced features.

Characterized by the use of agriculture in human civilization.

the development of culture and craftsmanship led to population increase and the
rise of large hierarchical states that paved the way for the development of
feudalism later on.

relocated and combined communities

Gave rise to the strategic lay-out of Philippine plazas
which were surrounded by a church or convent, a school, municipal
building, and public market.

serves as the focal point of the town and it plays an important role in the
community.

Process of learning
the norms and values
of one’s own culture
through unconscious
repetition

-Learning the aspects of a culture other than one’s own – for survival.

-Refers to the process of exchanging cultural features with
foreign cultures.

Refers to a lifelong process of learning and relearning; social
interaction through which people acquire their identities and necessary
survival skills in society.

The process where the culture that is currently established teaches
an individual the accepted norms and values of the culture of the
society where the individual lives

are the responsibility attached to the status of an individual who is
expected to be played or who holds a particular status. A person holds status and
performs a role.

refers to a number of roles attached to a single status

happens when a role associated with a single status clash. Stress or
stress experienced by an individual when incompatible behavior expectations or
obligations are associated with a single social role.

A social position in a group or individual’s position in the social
structure

Social position a person receives at
birth or takes on involuntarily in
life.

Social position a person takes
on voluntarily that reflects
personal identity and effort.

These are the rights independent
of the laws and customs of any
particular culture or government
and are therefore considered as
universal.

These are the rights enumerated
and protected by the
Constitution

These are the rights of the
people to participate in
governance.

These are the personal liberties
granted to an individual due to
his or her status as a citizen or
resident of a particular country
and community.

These are the rights of a person
to enjoy life economically and
socially.

These are the rights granted to a
person accused of committing a
crime.

These are the rights provided by
a statue or particular law.

The formation of an individual’s distinct personality which
is considered as a persisting entity in a particular stage of life by which
a person is known or recognized by some people.

When we are born, we absorb
some of our genetic and biological feature
from our parents.

As we socialize and develop, we
absorb other factors that greatly influence our
human development.

Provided a theory that tries to explain human development.
• Socialization involves a process characterized by the internal struggle
between the biological and components and socio-cultural environmental
factors

considered as always looking for the greatest pleasure (pleasure
principle) without regarding for anything else.

also seeks pleasure and avoids pain but accept that not
everything will be pleasurable (reality principle)

incorporates the values and morals of society. The stage
where individual learns to observe the rules, custom, and expectations
of the society.

Provided a sociological perspective on human development in his
“Looking-glass self theory” in which individual visualizes oneself
through the eyes of others.

• Advanced Cooley’s perspective.
• It suggests that an individual’s distinct identity is only developed
through social interaction.
• Three stages:
• Preparatory stage – having no ability to imagine how others see things.
• Play stage – imitating some of the roles of other persons that they see.
• Game stage – complete understanding of the roles of other individuals take
place.

observance, obedience to
standards.

violation, disobedience to standards