The change in pressure with respect to distance $$\nabla p=\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}i+\frac{\partial p}{\partial y}j+\frac{\partial p}{\partial z}k$$

$$\frac{\partial X}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial X}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial X}{\partial z}$$ Indicates how much the x, y, or z-component of the vector field is increasing or decreasing as you move along the x, y, or z axis

Friction always opposes the direction of the wind. Frictional force is proportional to wind speed.

Describe gravity (Newton's law of fundamental gravitation)

Two elements of mass attract each other with a force directly proportional to their mass, but inversely proportional to the distance between them.

What are the fundamental forces?

Pressure Gradient Force (PGF) Gravity Friction

What are the apparent forces?

Coriolis force Centrifugal force Centripetal acceleration

Define geostrophic balance

Geostrophic balance represents the balance between pressure gradient force (PGF) and coriolis force.

Under what assumptions/conditions is the geostrophic wind valid?

Balance between PGF and coriolis force. Assumes horizontal flow. Parallel to isobars. Most accurate for large-scale phenomena. Negligible friction. Constant coriolis parameter. Natural coordinates $$R_o>0.1\ \longrightarrow\ geostrophic\ wind\ =bad\ assumption$$ $$R_o

Calculate the magnitude and direction of geostrophic wind.

$$v_g=\frac{1}{\rho f}\frac{\partial p}{\partial x}\ ,\ \ \ u_g=-\frac{1}{\rho f}\frac{\partial p}{\partial y}$$

Define hydrostatic balance

Hydrostatic balance is the balance between vertical pressure gradient force (PGF) and gravity.

Under what assumptions/conditions is the atmosphere in hydrostatic balance? Under what conditions is hydrostatic balance NOT valid? Provide specific examples for each.

Assumptions/Conditions Assume vertical motion equals zero ( $$\frac{Dw}{Dt}=0$$ ) There is vertical acceleration in storms where $$\frac{Dw}{Dt}\ne0$$ . Good assumption on synoptic scales. ONLY valid when there aren't vertical accelerations.

What is the difference between cartesian coordinates and natural coordinates? Cartesian coordinates

x, y, and z axes PGF and coriolis force

What is the hydrostatic equation?

$$\frac{\partial p}{\partial z}=-\rho g$$

Given a map of isotherms, be able to estimate where higher pressures/heights are likely and where lower pressures/heights are likely.

Higher Pressures/Heights Warm temperatures = High pressure = High heights Ridges Cool temperatures = Low pressure = Low heights Troughs

Given isoheights and isotherms, be able to determine cold and warm air advection.

CAA Wind blowing from region of low temp. to higher temp. WAA Wind blowing from region of high temp. to lower temp.

What forces are included in gradient wind balance?

Pressure gradient force (PGF) Centrifugal force Coriolis force

Define compressibility/incompressibility

Compressibility is how much we can (if at all) reduce the volume of a system while retaining its mass. Incompressibility ( $$\frac{\text{d}\rho}{\text{d}t}=0$$ ) is where the density of a fluid remains constant regardless of changes in pressure.

Determine (in the NH) whether, for a given sounding, WAA or CAA is occurring

Veering winds (rotate CW) with height = WAA Backing winds (rotate CCW) with height = CAA In the SH: Veering winds (rotate CW) with height = CAA Backing winds (rotate CCW) with height = WAA

Explain the difference between absolute, planetary, and relative vorticity

Absolute vorticity is the sum of the relative vorticity and the planetary vorticity. Planetary vorticity (aka the coriolis parameter) is the vorticity due to Earth's rotation. Relative vorticity is the vorticity of the air relative to Earth's surface.

Calculate convective mass flux

$$M=\rho wA\ \left(\frac{kg}{s}\right)$$

Calculate updraft speed

$$w=\frac{M}{\rho A}\left(\frac{m}{s}\right)$$

Calculate average divergence or convergence over a layer required to produce an updraft. Assume incompressibility

$$\frac{\partial w}{\partial z}$$ negative result = divergence at the surface (sinking air) positive result = convergence at the surface (rising air)

AES 351 - Dynamic Meteorology Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

Student preview

47 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Pressure Gradient Force (PGF)

Back

Force that arises due to differences in atmospheric pressure

Points from areas of high pressure to low pressure

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Pressure gradient

Back

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Back

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Length/Time scales associated with atmospheric motion

Back

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is the Coriolis force?

Back

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Back

Coriolis parameter

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Equations of motion on a rotating sphere

Back

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