APB - Unit 3 - Cell Energetics 4.0 #GoBioRams

APB - Unit 3 - Energetics 4.0 #GoBioRams

Multiple Choice

What comes first in cellular respiration?

• oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production

• substrate-level phosphorylation for ATP production

Multiple Choice

What comes first in photosynthesis?

• oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production

• substrate-level phosphorylation for ATP production

Multiple Choice

What comes first in cellular respiration?

• sugar metabolism

• a chemical cycle

• electron transport & chemiosmosis

Multiple Choice

What comes first in photosynthesis?

• sugar metabolism

• a chemical cycle

• electron transport & chemiosmosis

Multiple Select

G3P is_______. Check all that apply.

• made during the Citric Acid/TCA/Tricarboxylic Acid/Krebs cycle.

• made during the Calvin cycle.

• made during glycolysis.

• made during the electron transport chain & chemiosmosis.

Multiple Choice

Rubisco is an enzyme involved in ________.

• fermentation.

• cellular respiration.

• photosynthesis.

Multiple Choice

Acetyl CoA is involved in _______.

• fermentation

• cellular respiration

• photosynthesis

• glycolysis

Multiple Choice

Pyruvate is involved in _______.

• fermentation.

• cellular respiration.

• photosynthesis.

• glycolysis.

Let's take a look at the global distribution of plants.

https://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/

VegMaps

Note correlation between

terrestrial biomes and vegetation

Global distribution of forests.

https://www.grida.no/resources/7762

Note where different

forests are located.

Please review your terrestrial biomes

prior to the Unit 3 test.

How can plants deal with these

diverse abiotic factors?

https://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/

VegMaps

How did plants adapt?

A synopsis of their evolutionary journey.

A quick read

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Evolutionary_history_of_plants

Most plants were/are exposed

to seasons and "normal" rainfall patterns and use photosynthesis in the way we discussed.

These are called C3 Plants as in G3P.

But what about plants

that live in extreme seasons and rainfall such as grasslands, savannas, and chaparrals?

Some even deal with salinity issues.

They needed to adapt new structures and new chemistry.

Note plant list

includes grasses, maize, sorghum, sugarcane, papyrus, bamboo, and ice plants.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

List_of_C4_plants

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize

Plants that were/are

very important to global cultures and major food crops.

What adaptations do these C4 plants have?

First, a look at our

prairies as a reminder of what these grassland biomes look like.

Next, anatomy

Note how the C4 plant protects their vascular bundle by making bigger bundle sheath cells.

Next, anatomy

Note how the C4 plant surrounds their vascular bundle with packed mesophyll cells.

No difference between palisade vs. spongy layers.

Next, anatomy

Note how the C4 plant have a thicker waxy cuticle.

Next, anatomy

If you can visualize a grass leaf, think about how thin those leaves are.

https://home.howstuffworks.com/

grass.htm

Next, anatomy

Think about stems, do grasses even have them?

They do for flowering, but they are photosynthetic.

Next, anatomy

Check out their roots.

Rhizomes allow them to reproduce using vegetative propagation (Think cloning.).

Since form begets function

and

function begets form

there must be some biochemistry at work as well.

Remember that photorespiration is bad.

Too hot or drought, they close their stoma (stomata).

O2(g) waste products build up and you have an very unhappy plant.

Not enough CO2(g) getting in so no G3P made $\rightarrow$   no sugars.

C3 (Trees) vs. C4 (Grasses)

C3 (Trees) vs. C4 (Grasses)

https://www.intechopen.com/books/

abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations/c4-plants-adaptation-to-high-levels-of-co2-and-to-drought-environments

C3 (Trees) vs. C4 (Grasses)

https://ripe.illinois.edu/blog/

difference-between-c3-and-c4-plants

What about plants that live in deserts?

How have they adapted?

BTW - These plants are called CAM plants.

List of CAM plants

includes cacti and pineapple.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Crassulacean_acid_metabolism

Anatomy

Few leaves.

If they have leaves they are "fleshy."

Stems are photosynthetic.

Stems are also filled with liquid.

Needles for protection.

Well, the later one may not work...

Day/Night changes

CAM plants change what happens at night vs. during the day.

Remember that deserts are colder and hold more moisture at night compared to the daytime.

Day/Night changes

CAM plants change what happens at night vs. during the day.

Remember that deserts are colder and hold more moisture at night compared to the daytime.

Except for the Atacama.

CAM Plants

Close their stoma (stomata) during the day to conserve water.

But they still conduct their Light Dependent Reactions.

CAM Plants

Open their stoma (stomata) at night releasing oxygen and gaining carbon dioxide and water.

Vacuoles are used to store these chemicals during the day so that they are available for the light dependent reactions.

A review of CAM plants

An overview

of C3, C4, and CAM plants.

An overview

of C3, C4, and CAM plants.

Consider what is happening to plants

under increasing global temperatures and very visible changes to the amount of rainfall events such as drought, monsoons, hurricanes, typhoons,...

But, wait, what about evergreens and conifers?

What do they do about cold weather biomes?

What do they do about cold weather biomes?

A review

• We reviewed terrestrial biomes and where they are located.

• We discussed the differences between C3, C4, and CAM plants.

• We also talked about cold weather adaptations.

Me thinks Bowman will ask

questions about plant adaptations.