First Quarter Review

Physical Science First Quarter Review

This review will cover:

• Atomic Structure

• Organization of the Periodic Table (connection to atomic structure)

• Ions vs. Isotopes

• Using electron dot diagrams too show valence electrons of atoms and ions

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Atomic Structure

• The atom has 2 parts: nucleus and outer electron cloud

• The center nucleus containg protons and nuetrons

• Electrons are in clouds outside the nucleus

• The clouds are in different energy levels

Multiple Choice

What are the two parts of an atom?

• nucleus and electron clouds

• protons and neutrons

• protons and elecrons

• atomic number and mass

Multiple Select

What are the two subatomic particles found in the nucleus?

• protons

• neutrons

• electrons

• prions

Multiple Choice

Clouds of electrons are found

• in the nucleus

• in energy levels outside the nucleus

The Subatomic Particles of the Atom

• Protons are positive

• Protons have a mass of 1 amu

• Protons are in the nucleus

• Neutrons are neutral (no charge)

• Neutrons have a mass of 1 amu

• Neutrons are found in the nucleus

The Subatomic Particles of the Atom

• Electrons are negative

• Electrons have no mass (1/2000 amu)

• Electrons are found in clouds outside the nucleus

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Multiple Select

What are the three subatomic particles in an atom?

• Protons

• Prions

• Neutrons

• Norlons

• Electrons

Multiple Choice

Which subatomic particle is positive?

• Proton

• Neutron

• Electron

Multiple Select

Which subatomic particles have a mass of 1 amu (atomic mass unit)?

• Proton

• Neutron

• Electron

Multiple Select

Which subatomic particle has a charge (positive or negative)?

• Proton

• Neutron

• Electron

Multiple Select

Which subatomic particle is negatively charged?

• Proton

• Neutron

• Electron

Multiple Select

Which subatomic particles make up most of the mass of the atom?

• Proton

• Neutron

• Electron

Multiple Select

Which subatomic particle makes up most of the volume (space) of an atom?

• Proton

• Neutron

• Electron

Multiple Select

Which subatomic particles determine the charge of an atom?

• Proton

• Neutron

• Electron

Atoms and Elements

• An atom is the smallest part of an element; an element is made of only one type of atom

• The ATOMIC NUMBER is the number of protons and identifies the element

Atoms and Elements

• Each element is identified by a chemical SYMBOL

• Each atom has a mass; the ATOMIC MASS is the average mass of all the atoms in that element

Atoms and Elements

• All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons

• All atoms of the same element DO NOT have the same number of neutrons

• Atoms with the same number of protons (same element) but different numbers of neutrons are called ISOTOPES

• Each atom has a MASS NUMBER, the sum of the protons and neutrons

Multiple Choice

What is the atomic number?

• number of protons

• number of neutrons

• number of protons and neutrons

• number of protons and electrons

Multiple Choice

What is the atomic number of an atom with this nucleus?

• 1

• 4

• 3

• 7

Multiple Choice

What is the atomic number of an atom with this nucleus?

• 7

• 21

• 14

• none of these

Multiple Choice

This atom would be what element? (Use your periodic table)

• Nitrogen

• Sodium

• Oxygen

• Silicon

Multiple Select

What do these isotopes of carbon all have in common?

• Same number of protons

• Same number of neutrons

• Same mass number

• Same atomic number

Multiple Choice

What is the mass number of this atom?

• 3

• 4

• 7

• 10

Fill in the Blanks

Periodic Table of the Element

• The periodic table is arranged in order of increasing atomic number

• The table is arranged in a series of rows which represent the shells, rings or energy levels around the nucleus

• Atoms in each group have the same number of valence electrons

Periodic Table of Images Emphasizes Electrons

• Each group has the same number of valence electrons (electrons in the outside ring)

• Each row has the same number of rings (representing shells or energy levels)

• In these images, the nucleus is not important and is shown only as a silver ball in the center.

Chemical Properties of Elements

• Metals are found on the left side; metals will LOSE their valence electron to be stable

• Nonmetals are found on the right; nonmetals will gain or share their valence electrons to be stable.

• Metalloids have properties of both

Multiple Choice

Sodium (Na) is a

• metal

• metalloid

• nonmetal

Multiple Choice

Elements in Group 17 are

• metals

• nonmetals

• metalloids

Properties of Metals and Nonmetals

• Metals are ductile (can be pulled into a wire), malleable (can be hammered into shape and are usually shiny.

• Nonmetals are not ductile or malleable; they are dull.

Group 1 - Alkali Metals

• One valence electron

• Very reactive because they have just one valence electron to lose

• The bigger the atom the more reactive they are

• Watch this video!

Open Ended

List the six alkali metals.

Group 2 - Alkaline Earth Metals

• All alkaline earth metals have 2 valence electrons

• These elements are reactive but not as much as the alkali metals.

• Watch this video (sorry - it's awful) and notice the changing structure of the atoms from the top of the group to the bottom.

Groups 3 - 12 Transition Metals

• All transition metals have 2 valence electrons

• While they will always lose electrons and never gain, some are very stable and not reactive with other elements

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Group 17 Halogens

• All halogens have 7 valence electrons

• Because they are so close to being stable with 8 valence electrons, they are very reactive

• They are never found in nature as a single atom

• Halogens form DIATOMIC molecules

• Another exciting video!

Group 18 Noble Gas

• Nobel gases have a full outer energy level

• Helium has 2 valence electrons; that is all the first energy level can hold

• All other Nobel Gases have 8 valence electrons

• They are called Nobel Gases because they do not react with other atoms, they are 'inert'.

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Octet Rule

• Atoms want a full outer energy level

• Except for H and He, atoms will gain valence electrons to get to 8 or lose valence electrons to get to 0.

• Atoms that gain or lose electrons are called ions

• Atoms that gain electrons are negative and are called anions

• Atoms that lose electrons are positive and are called cations

Multiple Choice

Which color on the image of the periodic table corresponds with the alkaline earth metals.

• yellow

• dark yellow

• blue/green

• teal

Multiple Choice

Which color on the image of the periodic table corresponds with the metalloids.

• bright yellow

• gold

• teal

• light blue

Multiple Choice

Which color on the image of the periodic table corresponds with the noble gases.

• red

• black

• blue

• orange

Multiple Choice

Which color on the image of the periodic table corresponds with the halogens.

• red

• black

• blue

• orange

Multiple Choice

How many valence electrons does the element have?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4