Element Families of the Periodic Table
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Science, Chemistry
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8th - 12th Grade
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Practice Problem
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Easy
Jesús Mendoza
Used 16+ times
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15 Slides • 11 Questions
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Element Families of the Periodic Table
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Elements may be categorized according to element families. Knowing how to identify families, which elements are included, and their properties help predict the behavior of unknown elements and their chemical reactions.
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Element Families
An element family is a set of elements sharing common properties. Elements are classified into families because the three main categories of elements (metals, nonmetals, and semimetals) are very broad. The characteristics of the elements in these families are determined primarily by the number of electrons in the outer energy shell. Element groups, on the other hand, are collections of elements categorized according to similar properties. Because element properties are largely determined by the behavior of valence electrons, families and groups may be the same. However, there are different ways of categorizing elements into families. Many chemists and chemistry textbooks recognize five main families:
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Alkali Metals or Group 1 Family of Elements
The alkali metals are recognized as a group and family of elements. These elements are metals. Sodium and potassium are examples of elements in this family. Hydrogen is not considered an alkali metal because the gas does not exhibit the typical properties of the group. However, under the right conditions of temperature and pressure, hydrogen can be an alkali metal.
Group 1 or IA Alkali Metals 1 valence electron Soft metallic solids Shiny, lustrous High thermal and electrical conductivity Low densities, increasing with atomic mass Relatively low melting points, decreasing with atomic mass Vigorous exothermic reaction with water to produce hydrogen gas and an alkali metal hydroxide solution Ionize to lose their electron, so the ion has a +1 charge
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Alkaline Earth Metals or Group 2 Family of Elements
The alkaline earth metals or simply alkaline earth are recognized as an important group and family of elements. These elements are metals. Examples include calcium and magnesium.
Group 2 or IIA Alkaline Earth Metals (Alkaline Earths) 2 valence electrons Metallic solids, harder than the alkali metals Shiny, lustrous, oxidize easily High thermal and electrical conductivity Denser than the alkali metals Higher melting points than alkali metals Exothermic reaction with water, increasing as you move down the group; beryllium does not react with water; magnesium reacts only with steam Ionize to lose their valence electrons, so the ion has a +2 charge
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Transition Metals Element Family
The largest family of elements consists of transition metals. The center of the periodic table contains the transition metals, plus the two rows below the body of the table (lanthanides and actinides) are special transition metals.
Groups 3-12 Transition Metals or Transition Elements The d and f block metals have 2 valence electrons Hard metallic solids Shiny, lustrous High thermal and electrical conductivity Dense High melting points Large atoms exhibit a range of oxidation states
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Boron Group or Earth Metal Family of Elements
The boron group or earth metal family is not as well-known as some of the other element families.
Group 13 or IIIA Boron Group or Earth Metals 3 valence electrons Diverse properties, intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals Best-known member: aluminum
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Carbon Group or Tetrels Family of Elements
The carbon group is made up of elements called tetrels, which refers to their ability to carry a charge of 4.
Group 14 or IVA Carbon Group or Tetrels 4 valence electrons Diverse properties, intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals Best-known member: carbon, which commonly forms 4 bonds
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Nitrogen Group or Pnictogens Family of Elements
The pnictogens or nitrogen group is a significant element family.
Group 15 or VA Nitrogen Group or Pnictogens 5 valence electrons Diverse properties, intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals Best-known member: nitrogen
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Oxygen Group or Chalcogens Family of Elements
The chalcogens family is also known as the oxygen group.
Group 16 or VIA Oxygen Group or Chalcogens 6 valence electrons Diverse properties, changing from nonmetallic to metallic as you move down the family Best-known member: oxygen
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Halogen Family of Elements
A halogen family is a group of reactive nonmetals.
Group 17 or VIIA Halogens 7 valence electrons Reactive nonmetals Melting points and boiling points increase with increasing atomic number High electron affinities Change state as it moves down the family, with fluorine and chlorine existing as gases at room temperature while bromine is a liquid and iodine is a solid
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Noble Gas Element Family
The noble gases are a family of nonreactive nonmetals. Examples include helium and argon.
Group 18 or VIIIA Noble Gases or Inert Gases 8 valence electrons Typically exist as monatomic gases, although these elements do (rarely) form compounds Stable electron octet makes nonreactive (inert) under ordinary circumstances.
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Element Families of the Periodic Table
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