Body Systems

Body Systems

What is a body system?

What is a Body System?

Remember that your body is made of trillions of cells.

There are many types of cells. Each type is specialized to serve a particular function.

What is a Body System?

Body systems work with each other to help an organism perform specific tasks.

Which body systems are working together here?

Digestive System

Functions:

1. Digest Food

2. Absorb Nutrients

3. Eliminate Waste

Digestive System

Composed of:

Mouth

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

These three organs also help:

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Digestive System

Most digestion occurs in the small intestine, which is as big around as your thumb and over 20 feet long.

The food does not pass through the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, but these organs release digestive chemicals into the small intestine.

Multiple Choice

Which part of the digestive system comes directly after the mouth?

• Esophagus

• Trachea

• Large Intestine

• Pancreas

Multiple Choice

Which part of the digestive system comes directly after the stomach?

• Esophagus

• Small Intestine

• Large Intestine

• Rectum

Multiple Choice

When your digestive system absorbs nutrients, where do the nutrients go?

• The nutrients stay in the stomach.

• The nutrients stay in the intestines.

• The nutrients go to the liver.

• The nutrients go to the bloodstream.

Digestive System

1. Chewing and saliva (salivary enzymes) begin the digestion of carbohydrates.

Digestive System

2. Smooth muscle around the esophagus moves food into the stomach (peristalsis). 

Digestive System

3. Digestive enzymes in the stomach breaks down carbohydrates further and begins protein digestion. 

Digestive System

4. The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder produce and store more digestive juices which will go into the small intestine.

The liver produces bile, which helps digest fats.

Digestive System

5. The small intestine will finish digesting food. This is where most nutrients are absorbed into the blood. 

Digestive System

6. Undigested food and fluids are sent to the large intestine where it is stored and processed. Water is re-absorbed here.

Undigested food is then sent to the rectum and finally eliminated as feces.

Multiple Choice

What is the primary purpose of the large intestine?

• To absorb nutrients from food

• To re-absorb water from food

• To break down fats

• To break down proteins

Multiple Choice

If you swallow food and begin choking, this means the food has gone down:

• The esophagus

• The trachea

• The small intestine

• The rectum

Multiple Choice

How does saliva assist with digestion?

• It breaks down carbohydrates.

• It breaks down fats.

• It breaks down proteins.

• It plays no role.

Multiple Choice

How does bile assist with digestion?

• It breaks down carbohydrates.

• It breaks down fats.

• It breaks down proteins.

• It plays no role.

Multiple Choice

What is the name for the involuntary movements of smooth muscle that force food through the digestive system?

• Stasis

• Parallax

• Peristalsis

• Shimmy

Multiple Choice

Where does most digestion occur?

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Small Intestine

• Large Intestine

Circulatory System

Composed of heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries).

Functions: to carry oxygen, nutrients, and water to the cells of the body.

Also carries waste away from the cells of the body.

Circulatory System

Nutrients absorbed from the digestive system enter the bloodstream. The circulatory system then carries those nutrients throughout the body.

Oxygen is brought into the lungs by the respiratory system. The oxygen then passes into the bloodstream and the circulatory system carries that oxygen throughout the body.

Circulatory System

Determine your resting pulse rate:

1. Set a timer for 30 seconds.

2. Find your pulse by placing three fingers lightly on the inside of your wrist towards the side of your thumb. You should feel a pulse.

3. Press 'go' on your timer and count the number of pulses over 30 seconds.

4. Multiply that number by 2.

Open Ended

What was your resting pulse rate?

Open Ended

If you get excited or scared, what happens to your pulse rate?

Multiple Choice

Other than the circulatory system, what other body systems might influence your pulse rate?

• Nervous System

• Endocrine System

• Both

• Neither

Skeletal System

Composed of: 206 bones

Functions: provides structure, allows movement, protects organs, stores minerals, and creates blood cells.

Skeletal System

Tendons connect muscles to bones to allow movement.

Cartilage cushions joints (places where two bones meet).

Certain bones protect vital organs.

Bone marrow produces blood cells.

Open Ended

Name some specific organs that are protected by bones.

Multiple Choice

What connects muscles to bones?

• Cartilage

• Ligaments

• Tendons

• Neurons

Muscular System

Composed of: muscles

Function: to contract, causing movement

Muscular System

Tendons attach muscles to bones.

Your muscles pull on your bones to make your body move.

Muscular System

Some muscles are under voluntary control.

For example, you decide when to move your leg muscles (quadriceps).

Some muscles are involuntary.

For example, your heart is an involuntary muscle.

Muscles in your digestive system and respiratory system are also involuntary.

Open Ended

How does the muscular system cooperate with the skeletal system?

Multiple Choice

What connects muscles to bones?

• Cartilage

• Ligaments

• Tendons

• Neurons

Multiple Choice

Which one of these muscles is completely voluntary?

• Heart

• Intestinal muscles

• Diaphragm (breathing muscle)

• Quadriceps (leg muscles)

Nervous System

Composed of brain, spinal cord, and neurons.

Functions: to send signals throughout the body.

Nervous System

The nervous system generates electricity and sends electrical signals to your muscles. The electricity is what causes your muscles to move.

Nervous System

Your nervous system also controls your five senses.

Any time you touch, hear, see, taste, or smell something, your nervous system is sending signals to your brain.

Open Ended

How does the nervous system cooperate with the muscular system?

Multiple Choice

Why do you have skin?

• To keep water inside your body.

• To keep pathogens (germs) out of your body.

• To regulate your body temperature.

• All of the above.

Integumentary System

Composed of: Skin, Hair, Nails

Functions: Protects body and helps maintain homeostasis

Integumentary System

Your skin acts as a barrier against pathogens entering the body.

Your skin also regulates your body temperature.

When you are hot, you skin releases sweat to cool you down.

When you are cold, you skin produces goosebumps to help you warm up.

Homeostasis - maintenance of a stable internal environment

Body temperature

Water levels

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in blood

Glucose in blood

Acidity of blood

Open Ended

How does your skin help you regulate your body temperature?

Respiratory

Composed of trachea, lungs, diaphragm, and blood.

Functions: to bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide.

Respiratory

When you breathe in, oxygen enters your trachea and goes down into your lungs.

When you breathe out, carbon dioxide exits your lungs.

Respiratory

When oxygen enters your lungs, it does not just stay there. Blood picks up the oxygen and the circulatory system carries the blood/oxygen mix throughout the body.

Multiple Choice

When you breathe in, oxygen enters your lungs.

Where does the oxygen go from there?

• The oxygen stays in your lungs.

• The oxygen goes down to your stomach.

• The oxygen goes into your blood vessels.

• The oxygen leaves the body.

Multiple Choice

Which two gases do the lungs exchange?

• Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

• Oxygen and carbon monoxide.

• Oxygen and hydrogen.

• Oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Excretory System

Composed of kidneys, bladder and urethra. Skin and lungs also play a role.

Functions: to regulate blood and remove waste from the body.

Excretory System

Your kidneys filter toxins from your blood and put those toxins into your urine. That way, when you go to the restroom, you eliminate those toxins from your body.

If the kidneys are damaged, the blood must be cleaned through dialysis.

Multiple Choice

What purpose do the kidneys have in the body?

• They release insulin when you have too much blood sugar.

• They filter toxins from your blood and eliminate those toxins through your urine.

• They serve no purpose, which is why you can safely remove both of them.

• They release hormones into your blood.

Multiple Choice

How do your lungs help with the excretory system?

• They remove CO2 (carbon dioxide) from the body.

• They remove oxygen from the body.

• They remove water from the body.

• They do not help the excretory system.

Multiple Choice

How does your skin help with the excretory system?

• It removes CO2 (carbon dioxide) from the body.

• It removes oxygen from the body.

• It removes excess salt from the body through your sweat.

• It does not help with the excretory system.

Endocrine System

Composed of organs and glands that release hormones.

Functions: To send hormones (chemical messages) throughout the body.

Endocrine System

Hormones:

Adrenaline - Fight or flight response

Insulin - Reduces blood sugar

Growth hormone

Melatonin

Sex Hormones

Multiple Choice

Which hormone acts as a pain reliever and can also make you feel very fast or very strong?

• Growth hormone

• Adrenaline

• Melatonin

• Insulin

Multiple Choice

Which hormone reduces your blood sugar and must be injected directly into the bloodstream by people with diabetes?

• Growth hormone

• Adrenaline

• Melatonin

• Insulin

Reproductive System

Composed of: genitalia and glands that produce sex hormones and gametes (sperm and egg)

Functions: ensure survival of the species; causes physical differences between males and females

Reproductive System

Sex Hormones

Males: Androgens (Testosterone) - leads to bigger vocal cords, more body hair, and more muscle growth

Females: Estrogen - deposits fatty tissue in certain areas of the body: breasts, hips, thighs.

Multiple Choice

Which one of these is NOT an effect of testosterone?

• Deeper voice

• Muscle development

• Coarser body hair

• Breast development

Lymphatic / Immune System

Composed of: Lymphatic fluid, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus

Functions: Fights infection, filters waste, and drains excess fluids from the blood vessels

Lymphatic / Immune System

Your spleen breaks down old or damaged blood cells.

Your thymus creates white blood cells, which help fight against infection.

Lymphatic / Immune System

What happens if the lymph vessels become blocked?

Elephentiasis

Multiple Choice

Which one of these is NOT an organ of the lymphatic system?

• Spleen

• Thymus

• Hypothalamus

• Lymph Nodes

Multiple Choice

Which one of these is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

• Absorbs nutrients

• Fights infection

• Filters waste

• Drains excess fluid from blood vessels

Open Ended

There are a total of 11 body systems.

How many can you remember?