Ecology End Of Unit review

Ecology End Of Unit review

By: Ms. Bailey*

Purpose

• to review the ecology unit

• to prepare for our end of unit test

• to see just how ready we are

Multiple Choice

Whitetip reef sharks spend most of the day lying on the ocean floor. While remaining still, these sharks pump water across their gills.

The movement of water across their gills is necessary for —

• Staying cool

• accessing food

• obtaining oxygen

• avoiding predators

Multiple Choice

Plants grow in many different shapes and sizes. Much of their shape depends on an internal structure that is composed of carbon-containing molecules such as cellulose and lignin. Plants that have a strong internal structure can grow larger than other plants because their structure can support their size.

Plants obtain the majority of the carbon necessary for building these structural molecules from —

• air

• microorganisms

• soil

• water

Multiple Choice

Fish in a lake have to compete for space. Different fish have different optimal temperature ranges. The graph below shows the temperature ranges of four fish species.

At which temperature range will there be the most competition for space among these fish species?

• 5°C to 10°C

• 10°C to 15°C

• 15°C to 20°C

• 25°C to 30°C

Multiple Choice

An energy pyramid is shown below.

Which sentence best describes how energy flows through this pyramid?

• Energy is transferred down each level of the energy pyramid.

• The energy lost at each level is consumed by organisms in the top level.

• Energy is transferred from organisms in one level to those in the level above.

• The organisms at the bottom level provide energy directly to organisms in all the other levels.

Multiple Select

Which ecosystem would be more likely to survive if a disease killed the grasses?

• The forest ecosystem, because most of the animals can eat other organisms

• The grassland ecosystem, because several predators compete for food

• The forest ecosystem, because it has three top predators

• The grassland ecosystem, because it has many herbivores

Multiple Select

Which of these human activities is most likely to cause the excessive growth of phytoplankton in the world’s oceans?

• The use of chemical fertilizers that are carried by runoff into rivers

• The logging of old-growth forests, which results in erosion

• The spraying of chemical herbicides that reduce carbon dioxide in the air

• The mining of fossil fuels, which requires digging underground tunnel

Multiple Choice

Both primary and secondary succession begin with pioneer species that —

• A change the area and make it safer from predatory organisms

• invade the area so that new organisms cannot be established

• modify the area and allow larger and more complex organisms to appear

• use up all the existing resources and prevent establishment of non-native organisms

Multiple Choice

n 1838 botanist Matthias Schleiden determined that all plants are composed of cells. In 1839 anatomist Theodor Schwann proposed that all animals are composed of cells. In 1855 biologist Rudolph Virchow added to Schleiden’s and Schwann’s observations and proposed that all living things are composed of cells. Which statement is also part of Virchow’s cell theory?

• All cells have a cell wall.

• All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

• All cells are capable of photosynthesis.

• All cells can develop into any other type of cell.

Multiple Choice

How do the structures of a vacuole and a nucleus differ?

• A vacuole contains mostly water, and a nucleus contains mostly DNA.

• A vacuole contains mostly DNA, and a nucleus contains mostly water.

• A vacuole is enclosed within a membrane, and a nucleus is not.

• A vacuole is a thick fluid, and a nucleus is a rigid set of layers.

Multiple Choice

The characteristics of a particular organism are listed below.

In which kingdom should this organism be classified?

• Plantae

• Fungi

• Archaea

• Animalia

Multiple Choice

Which organelle stores the information that determines an individual’s blood type?

• Organelle 1

• Organelle 2

• Organelle 3

• Organelle 4

Multiple Choice

When Charles Darwin visited the Galápagos Islands in the 1800s, he observed many types of organisms that were similar but lived on different islands. The four species of mockingbirds found on the Galápagos Islands are shown below. Each species lives on a different island.

These species are very similar, but the Hood mockingbird has a longer beak than the other three species. Which of the following best explains this difference?

• The Hood mockingbird needs a longer beak for defense against predators.

• The Hood mockingbird originated from a different type of bird than the other species.

• The Hood mockingbird’s longer beak is an adaptation to the food available in the bird’s habitat.

• The Hood mockingbird’s beak stretched to reach its food, and the longer beak was passed down to its offspring.

Multiple Choice

According to the dichotomous key, what type of conifer has leaves like those in the illustration below?

• Bald cypress

• Hemlock

• Spruce

• Juniper

Multiple Choice

Before the Industrial Revolution in England, the peppered moth was commonly found on tree trunks that had light-colored lichen on the bark. Most of the peppered moths were a light gray-brown color similar to that of the lichen. A few of the moths had a mutation that made them a dark gray-brown color.

During the Industrial Revolution, coal-burning factories produced black soot that covered the trees and killed the lichen in and near cities. In these areas the number of dark peppered moths increased, while the number of light peppered moths decreased. What contributed to this change?

• The soot-covered trees camouflaged the dark moths.

• The dark moths preyed on the light moths.

• Bird populations increased in the areas near the factories.

• The dark moths laid fewer eggs than the light moths.

Multiple Choice

The types of small organisms that live on the bottom of streams can be good indicators of water pollution. The table below groups some organisms by their tolerance of pollution.

A certain stream that was historically clear and clean has become increasingly polluted with fertilizer waste over the years. Which of these describes a likely result of this pollution?

• Mayflies that were previously abundant are no longer present in the stream.

• Stone flies and midges thrive and compete for the same food source.

• Large numbers of crayfish have suddenly died.

• Riffle beetles have become more abundant in the stream.

Multiple Choice

The house sparrow was first introduced to New York in 1851. It is now distributed across most of North America. As the species expanded its range, it began to live in environments that were different from its original habitat. The birds now vary in size, depending on their geographic location. The map shows the distribution of house sparrows by size.

What is the most likely explanation for the body-size distribution of house sparrows shown on the map?

• Cold temperatures in the North favored the survival of populations of larger sparrows over populations of smaller sparrows.

• High elevations in the West provided a survival advantage for populations of larger sparrows over populations of smaller sparrows.

• Warm temperatures in the South allowed populations of larger sparrows to survive over populations of smaller sparrows.

• Coastal environments in the East tended to give a survival advantage to populations of larger sparrows over populations of smaller sparrows.

Multiple Choice

What is the primary function of this body system?

• The protection of vital organs from injury

• The chemical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

• The transport of nutrients, water, and oxygen to body cells

• The production of hormones that regulate growth and metabolism

Open Ended

Tree squirrels can have different fur colors. Squirrels live in forests where foxes also live. Foxes hunt squirrels for food. Squirrels that have fur the same color as the trees are harder for the foxes to see and catch.

The diagram above shows a population of squirrels that lived in a forest. Scientists had previously only seen brown and gray squirrels in this forest; they had never seen squirrels of any other color.

The diagram below shows how the population changed after many generations.

How did the color of the trees in the squirrels’ environment change? Explain what happened to the squirrels over many generations.

QUESTION/Claim: How did the color of the squirrels’ environment change? (1 point)

SS: The color of the squirrels environment changed by/ because___.

Open Ended

Evidence: What evidence from the diagrams above support your claim? (1 point)

SS: The evidence that supports my claim is____.

Open Ended

Reasoning: Explain the scientific phenomenon that caused the squirrel population to change over many generations. (4 points)

SS: The phenomenon that caused the squirrel population to change is____.