Part 1 EOC REVIEW

Part 1 Organisms, Populations and Ecosystems

40% of Biology EOC

SC.912.L.14.7 Plant Structure

Multiple Choice

Terrestrial plants have stomata on the surface of their leaves. A single stomata is surrounded by two guard cells that change shape in response to environmental factors and open or close the stoma. Which of the following best explains how the structure of the leaf is used in processes that occur in plants?

• A. Water enters the plant through the surface of the leaf for transpiration

• B. Gases for photosynthesis are exchanged through the surface of the leaf.

• C. Energy for cellular reproduction is absorbed through the surface of the leaf.

• D. Carbon dioxide enters the plant through the surface of the leaf for cellular reproduction.

Explanation

Gases for photosynthesis are exchanged through the surface of the leaf. Gas exchange in leaves is called transpiration and occurs through the stomata.

Multiple Choice

Plant cells that are specialized for cell division are most likely found in what part of the plant?

• A. root tips

• B. leaf epidermis

• C. stem epidermis

• D. vascular tissue

Explanation

As plant roots grow, the cells in their tips undergo constant mitosis to produce new tissue. 

Multiple Choice

A plant species lives in an area with limited sunlight. Which physiological adaptation would be most useful to the plant?

• A. colorful flowers

• B. large leaves

• C. deep roots

• D. thin cuticle

Explanation

• Leave are the part of a plant that contains chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are structures that contain chlorophyll, a pigment that captures sunlight and allows the plant to make sugars. The larger the leaf surface a plant has, the more sunlight it can capture. 

Multiple Choice

What is the main function of leaves?

• A. Leaves provide support for growth and a place to store food.

• B. Leaves provide a place for photosynthesis to occur.

• C. Leaves absorb water and minerals and transport nutrients to the stem.

• D. Leaves create a barrier that prevents water in the plant's tissues from evaporating.

Explanation

Leaves contain chloroplasts, the site of photosynthesis in plants.

Multiple Choice

The cambuim is a section of cells in a plant that can become either part of the xylem or phloem, depending on the growth and needs of the plant. If the cambium of a particular plant was damaged, what would be the most likely effect on the plant?

• A. The plant would lose its ability to carry out photosynthesis

• B. the plant would have uncontrolled growth.

• C. The plant would not experience any change in physiology

• D. The plant would not be able to transport nutrients and water

Explanation

The xylem and phloem are responsible for the transportation of nutrients, and water throughout the plant. If cambium cells were damaged, the plant would not be able to make xylem and phloem.

Multiple Choice

Which structure in the leaf controls the opening and closing of the stoma?

• A. cuticle

• B. epidermis

• C. guard cell

• D. spongy mesophyll

Explanation

Guard cells surround stomata and control their opening and closing. The stomata are the site of gas exchange in leaves, a process called transpiration.

Multiple Choice

The diagram below shows a cross section of a plant leaf. How does the structure marked X contribute to the survival of the plant?

• A. It allows the intake of gases necessary for photosynthesis.

• B. It allows the intake of minerals necessary for plant growth.

• C. It allows the intake of sunlight necessary for ATP production.

• D. It allows the intake of sugars necessary for plant reproduction.

Explanation

The stomata are the site of gas exchange in leaves, a process called transpiration. Carbon dioxide is taken in by plants and oxygen is given off. 

Multiple Choice

Which statement describes the role of flowers in plant survival?

• A. Flowers can absorb carbon dioxide for sugar production.

• B. Flowers produce oxygen through cellular respiration.

• C. Flowers contain cells that carry out photosynthesis.

• D. Flowers contain cells that produce gametes.

Explanation

Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants. 

Multiple Choice

What is the main purpose of seeds in plants that have them?

• A. To protect and distribute the zygote.

• B. To entice animals to eat the plant.

• C. To be fertilized by other plants.

• D. To store water for the mother plant.

Explanation

A seed contains a complete zygote wrapped in a seed coat. The seed’s hard outer covering protects the seed until it can be dispersed, by wind or animals, to another location. This adaptation allows for a wider distribution of seed plants than those that do not have seeds. 

Multiple Choice

The diagram below represents a flower, the reproductive structure of some plants. Most flowers have both male and female structures for fertilization and reproduction. Which structure is represented by the letter A in the diagram above?

• A. the stamen, a male structure which produces pollen

• B. the pistol, a female structure which collects pollen and passes it to the ovary

• C. the sepal, a modified leaf used for protection of the flower

• D. the petals, decorative structures which attract pollinators

Explanation

The pistol is made of several carpals fused together. The tip of the pistol is usually sticky and holds pollen grains when they land there. The style is a tube that leads from the stigma to the ovary, where fertilization occurs to form the zygote. 

SC.912.L.14.26 The Brain

Multiple Choice

The illustration below shows four lobes of the human brain. What lobe is designated by label 2?

• A. temporal

• B. parietal

• C. occipital

• D. frontal

Multiple Choice

Which lobe of the brain is designated by number 4?

• A. occipital lobe

• B. parietal lobe

• C. frontal lobe

• D. temporal lobe

SC.912.L.14.36 Cardiovascular System

Multiple Choice

The rate at which blood flows through the human body changes in response to many factors. Which statement describes one of these factors and its effect on blood flow?

• A. A high viscosity of blood causes an increased resistance in the blood vessels and leads to slow blood flow.

• B. A low blood pH decreases the rate of diffusion through the blood vessels and leads to slow blood flow.

• C. The changing of the shape of red blood cells to a crescent shape decreases resistance and lead to a faster blood flow.

• D. The narrowing of blood vessels increases pressure and leads to a faster blood flow.

Explanation

Viscosity refers to the thickness of blood. This thickness is caused by the number of red blood cells. Thick blood travels through blood vessels at a slower rate than thin blood. 

Multiple Choice

Which of the following factors would most directly affect blood flow through the circulatory system?

• A. blood pressure

• B. blood sugar

• C. respiratory rate

• D. outside temperature

Explanation

The factors that most directly affect blood flow are blood pressure, blood volume, resistance and activity level.

Multiple Choice

What causes blood pressure?

• A. cholesterol in the blood

• B. stress that exercise puts on heart muscle

• C. contraction of the ventricles in the heartv

• D. removal of oxygen from the blood

Explanation

Blood pressure is caused by contraction of the ventricles of the heart and also by the elasticity of the arterial walls. When the heart contracts, blood pressure is the highest. This is called systolic pressure. When the heart is relaxed, blood pressure is lowest. This is called diastolic pressure. Some pressure is maintained in the vessels at all times, even with the heart is in diastole. This pressure is kept relatively constant by the elastic properties of the walls of the arteries. 

Multiple Choice

Which line in the graph above best illustrates an effect of the carbon dioxide level in the blood on breathing rate before, during and after a period of exercise?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Explanation

The level of carbon dioxide increases during exercise because the cells are undergoing cellular respiration at a faster rate to make more ATP. Carbon dioxide is produced as a product of cellular respiration. 

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the connection between cardiovascular disease and age?

• A. As people age, their blood vessels become more elastic leading to less cardiovascular disease.

• B. As people age, the heart becomes more efficient with each pump, increasing cardiac output.

• C. As people age, blood pressure decreases leading to more cardiovascular disease.

• D. As people age, plaque builds up in the arteries increasing vessel resistance, which leads to disease.

Explanation

As people age, plaque builds up in the arteries increasing vessel resistance, which leads to disease. This condition is called atherosclerosis, where the walls of the arteries become thick and inflexible. Atherosclerosis increases resistance in the blood vessels leading to high blood pressure. 

SC.912.L.14.52 Immune System

Multiple Choice

The p53 gene codes for the p53 protein that locates DNA errors for cellular repair. The diagram below shows the relationship among possible environmental influences, the p53 gene, and cancer. Which of the following statements best describes the relationships among possible environmental influences, the p53 gene, and cancer?

• A. Environmental influences can lead to mutations in the p53 gene, which can cause certain cancers.

• B. Increased levels of p53 protein, rather than environmental influences, can cause certain cancers.

• C. Mutations in the p53 gene increase environmental influences that can cause certain cancers.

• D. Genes such as p53 are less casual than environmental influences in stimulating certain cancers.

Explanation

Environmental influences can lead to mutations in the p53 gene, which can cause certain cancers. Environmental factors such as pollution, radiation from the sun and public health concerns can lead to changes or mutations in a person’s DNA, which can lead to cancers. 

Multiple Choice

After an initial infection, B-cells recognize the measles virus. How is this helpful in human immune response?

• A. The B-cells use this recognition to defend the body against other pathogens, such as bacteria

• B. The B-cells more quickly recognize and respond to any other virus that invades the body.

• C. The B-cells produce antibodies more quickly if the measles virus is encountered again.

• D. The B-cells transfer this recognition to T-cells, which will then devour the viruses.

Explanation

After an initial infection with a virus, B cells are able to recognize the virus and produce antibodies against it the second time. The person’s reaction to the virus will be lessened. 

Multiple Choice

What is the body's first line of defense against infection by foreign organisms?

• A. antibodies

• B. lymph nodes

• C. white blood cells

• D. the skin

Explanation

The skin is the first line of defense against foreign organisms. It acts as a non-specific barrier to water and air-borne infectious agents. 

Multiple Choice

What is immunity?

• A. The body's ability to produce cells that inactivate foreign cells or substances.

• B. The body's ability to regulate homeostasis through feedback loops.

• C. The body's ability to produce the "fight or flight" response.

• D. The body's ability to use the endocrine system to fight disease

Explanation

The immune system produces specific and non-specific responses to pathogens, and foreign cells and substances. This process helps maintain homeostasis in individuals.

Multiple Choice

What is the term for a strong response to a harmless antigen in the environment?

• A. cell-mediated immunity

• B. an allergy

• C. inflammatory response

• D. an autoimmune disease

Explanation

Reactions to allergens release histamines which cause non-specific responses such as inflammation.

Multiple Choice

White blood cells are an important part of the human immune response. Two types of white blood cells, neutrophils and macrophages, act as phagocytes. Phagocytes perform which of the following functions in the human body?

• A. They produce antibodies.

• B. They bind to antigens and develop into plasma cells

• C. They form a barrier against pathogens.

• D. They engulf and destroy bacteria.

Explanation

Phagocytes are whole cells that capture invading cells or pieces of cells by surrounding and engulfing them. Once the invading cell is inside the phagocyte it is killed by enzymes

Multiple Choice

Although vaccines cannot be used to treat a person who is sick, they can help to prevent infections. Vaccinations tell the body to create "memory cells", which will function later to create antibodies against certain pathogens. When a person is vaccinated, what are they injected with?

• A. antibodies to a disease bacterium

• B. live, inactive viruses

• C. weakened viruses or antigens from the virus

• D. blood from a person who has had the disease

Explanation

Vaccinations contain antigens or weakened viruses from specific infections. The viruses are too weak to cause illness in the patient, but strong enough to allow the body’s immune system to create B cells against the virus. These “memory cells” are stored in the body until the person is exposed to the virus at which point, they will create antibodies against the virus. 

Multiple Choice

An activity that occurs in the human body is shown below. This activity helps to do which of the following?

• A. provide protection against pathogens

• B. produce antibiotics to control disease

• C. eliminate harmful gene alterations

• D. regulate production of ATP by the cell

Explanation

The antibodies pictured here are recognizing antigens on a foreign cell to mark it for destruction. In this way, the body is able to protect itself against dangerous invaders.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following describes a way that a person's health can be affected by heredity?

• A. A person with a family history of obesity is more likely to catch a common cold.

• B. A person with a family history of high blood pressure is more likely to have heart disease.

• C. A person with a family history of obesity is less likely to enroll in a weight loss plan.

• D. A person with a family history of cancer is less likely to be screened for cancer.

Explanation

Family history can affect a person’s health in some areas by making them more likely to contract certain diseases. The genes that code for some diseases are hereditary, and can be passed from generation to generation. 

Multiple Choice

Many species of bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics because antibiotics have been so widely used. Now, bacteria that used to be killed by antibiotics are more difficult to treat. What is the best way to proceed in dealing with this public health problem?

• A. Antibiotics should no longer be used.

• B. Antibiotics should be made available to anyone without a prescription.

• C. Antibiotics should only be prescribed to people with bacterial infections.

• D. Anti-viral medications should now be used instead of antibiotics.

Explanation

Antibiotics are only useful against bacterial infections. When antibiotics are prescribed to individuals that do not have a bacterial infection, any bacteria they may have in their body can become resistant to the antibiotic and the resistant bacteria can multiply. 

Multiple Choice

How do human diseases caused by bacteria and diseases caused by viruses react to antibiotics?

• A. Neither responds to antibiotics.

• B. Both respond to antibiotics.

• C. Viral diseases respond to antibiotics; bacterial diseases do not.

• D. Bacterial diseases respond to antibiotics; viral diseases do not

Explanation

There is no known treatment for viral infections. The best defense against a pathogenic virus is a vaccination, which prevents infection if given before exposure to the virus.

SC.912.L.16.10 Biotechnology

Multiple Choice

While genetic engineering has positive benefits, there are also concerns associated with widespread use of genetic engineering in agriculture. If many farmers begin to plant more genetically modified crops that have an increased tolerance to insects, which of the following may result?

• A. an increase in the use of pesticides

• B. a decrease in genetic diversity of the crops

• C. an increase in the contamination of the water supply

• D. a decrease in crop productivity

Explanation

Genetic modifications of organisms does not allow for random mutation in the genetic code. This random mutation is responsible for the genetic diversity seen in populations of organisms. 

Multiple Choice

Stem cell research has been a controversial subject in past years. What is the reason for this?

• A. Cells for study are often taken from human embryos

• B. Stem cell techniques will not accomplish the intended purpose.

• C. The cells cannot be isolated.

• D. Replacement tissue will never be grown from a person's own stem cells.

Explanation

Embryos contain cells that are non-differentiated and can turn into any type of cell in the body. These cells could be used to create new tissues for people with diseases or malformations. 

Multiple Choice

What kind of genetically modified crops would be most successful in wet-tropical countries that are overcrowded?

• A. crops that are drought- and pest-resistant

• B. high-yield crops that do not need a lot of sunshine

• C. high-yield crops that are pest-resistant

• D. crops that are drought-resistant and need a lot of sunshine

Explanation

If space is limited, high-yield crops would be best. Wet-tropical climates are often plagued by pests so crops that are pest-resistant would do well in those climates. 

Multiple Choice

In what way did gene therapy, the replacement of a faulty gene with a normal one, stimulate medical research?

• A. New medications had to be developed and tested.

• B. The effects of viral DNA had to be studied.

• C. The way in which DNA replicates had to be determined.

• D. The genes on each chromosome had to be mapped and described.

Explanation

The human genome project mapped out each gene of humans making gene therapy possible. 

Multiple Choice

The way that crimes are solved today was affected by which of the following technologies?

• A. gene therapy

• B. DNA fingerprinting

• C. genetic testing

• D. Genetic modification

Explanation

Even a tiny section of a person’s DNA, left behind at a crime scene can be multiplied many times to make identification possible. 

Multiple Choice

Which technology below would probably be the most important to a person who had diabetes and had to take insulin every day?

• A. testing parents for genetic disorders before they have children

• B. engineering fruits and vegetables that resist insects and other pests

• C. developing ways to identify criminals through DNA fingerprinting

• D. using recombinant DNA to produce human hormones from bacteria

Explanation

Insulin is a hormone used to regulate blood sugar levels. It is essential to the correct functioning of the body. If bacteria can create insulin, this hormone will be easier for diabetics to get.