Reading correction

Reading correction

Multiple Choice

1.

What has caused public interest

in coastal archaeology in recent years?

• A. Golds and jewelleries in the ships that have submerged

• B. The rising awareness of climate change

• C. Forests under the sea

• D. Technological advance in the field of sea research

B.

It is possible to trace a variety of causes for this concentration of effort and interest. In the 1980s and 1990s scientific research into climate change and its environmental impact spilled over debate as awareness of these issues grew; the prospect of rising sea levels over the next century, and their impact on current coastal environments, has been a particular focus for concern. At the same time archaeologists were beginning to recognize that the destruction caused by natural processes of coastal erosion and by human activity was having an increasing impact on the archaeological resource of the coast.

Multiple Choice

2.

What does the passage say about

the evidence of boats?

• A. We have a good knowledge of how boats were made and what boats were for prehistorically

• B. Most of the boats discovered were found in harbors

• C. The use of boats had not been recorded for a thousand years

• D. The way to build boats has remained unchanged throughout human history

F. ... The prehistoric sewn-plank boats such as those from the Humber estuary and Dover all seem to belong to the second millennium BC; after this there is a gap in the record of a millennium, which cannot yet be explained, before boats reappear, but built using a very different technology. Boatbuilding must have been an extremely important activity around much of our coast, yet we know almost nothing about it, Boats were some of the most complex artefacts produced by pre-modem societies, and further research on their production and use make an important contribution to our understanding of past attitudes to technology and technological change.

Multiple Choice

3.

What can be discovered from the air?

• A. Salt mines

• B. Shellfish

• C. Ironstones

• D. Fisheries

H.  One of the most important revelations of recent research has been the extent of industrial activity along the coast. Fishing and salt production are among the better documented activities, but even here our knowledge is patchy Many forms of fishing will leave little archaeological trace, and one of the surprises of recent survey has been the extent of past investment in facilities for procuring fish and shellfish. Elaborate wooden fish weirs, often of considerable extent and responsive to aerial photography in shallow water, have been identified in areas such as Essex and the Severn estuary.

Multiple Choice

Questions 4-10

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

4. England lost much of its land after the ice-age due to the rising sea level.

• TRUE

• FALSE

• NOT GIVEN

C.

The dominant process affecting the physical form of England in the post- glacial period has been the rise in the altitude of sea level relative to the land, as the glaciers melted and the landmass readjusted. The encroachment of the sea, the loss of huge areas of land now under the North Sea and the English Channel, and especially the loss of the land bridge between England and France, which finally made Britain an island, must have been immensely significant factors in the lives of our prehistoric ancestors.

Multiple Choice

5. The coastline of England has changed periodically.

• TRUE

• FALSE

• NOT GIVEN

C.

One factor contributing to this has been that, although the rise in relative sea level is comparatively well documented, we know little about the constant reconfiguration of the coastline. This was affected by many processes, mostly quiet, which have not yet been adequately researched. The detailed reconstruction of coastline histories and the changing environments available for human use will be an important theme for future research.

Multiple Choice

6. Coastal archaeological evidence may be well-protected by sea water.

• TRUE

• FALSE

• NOT GIVEN

D.

So great has been the rise in sea level and the consequent regression of the coast that much of the archaeological evidence now exposed in the coastal zone, whether being eroded or exposed as a buried land surface, is derived from what was originally terrestrial occupation. Its current location in the coastal zone is the product of later unrelated processes, and it can tell us little about past adaptations to the sea. Estimates of its significance will need to be made in the context of other related evidence from dry land sites. Nevertheless, its

physical environment means that preservation is often excellent, for example in the case of the Neolithic structure excavated at the Stumble in Essex.

Multiple Choice

7. The design of boats used by pre-modem people was very simple.

• TRUE

• FALSE

• NOT GIVEN

F.

Boatbuilding must have been an extremely important activity around much of our coast, yet we know almost nothing about it, Boats were some of the most complex artefacts produced by pre-modem societies, and further research on their production and use make an important contribution to our understanding of past attitudes to technology and technological change.

Multiple Choice

8. Similar boats were also discovered in many other European countries

• TRUE

• FALSE

• NOT GIVEN

Multiple Choice

9. There are few documents relating to mineral exploitation.

• TRUE

• FALSE

• NOT GIVEN

H.

Other industries were also located along the coast, either because the raw materials outcropped there or for ease of working and transport: mineral resources such as sand, gravel, stone, coal, ironstone, and alum were all exploited. These industries are poorly documented, but their mains are sometimes extensive and striking.

Multiple Choice

10. Large passenger boats are causing increasing damage to the seashore.

• TRUE

• FALSE

• NOT GIVEN

I.

Human threats include the redevelopment of historic towns and old dockland areas, and the increased importance of the coast for the leisure and tourism industries, resulting in pressure for the increased provision of facilities such as marinas. The larger size of ferries has also caused an increase in the damage caused by their wash to fragile deposits in the intertidal zone. The most significant natural threat is the predicted rise in sea level over the next century especially in the south and east of England.

Multiple Select

Questions 11-13

Choose THREE letters J-G. Write your answer in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet. Which THREE of the following statements are mentioned in the passage?

• A. Our prehistoric ancestors adjusted to the environmental change caused by the rising sea level by moving to higher lands

• B. It is difficult to understand how many people lived close to the sea.

• C. Human settlements in coastal environment were different from those inland.

• D. Our knowledge of boat evidence is limited.

• E. The prehistoric boats were built mainly for collecting sand from the river.

E.

In some cases these buried land surfaces do contain evidence for human exploitation of what was a coastal environment, and elsewhere along the modem coast there is similar evidence. Where the evidence does relate to past human exploitation of the resources and the opportunities offered by the sea and the coast, it is both diverse and as yet little understood.

F.

Boatbuilding must have been an extremely important activity around much of our coast, yet we know almost nothing about it, Boats were some of the most complex artefacts produced by pre-modem societies, and further research on their production and use make an important contribution to our understanding of past attitudes to technology and technological change.

Multiple Select

Questions 11-13

Choose THREE letters J-G. Write your answer in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet. Which THREE of the following statements are mentioned in the passage?

• F. Human development threatens the archaeological remains.

• G. The reason for the decline of salt industry was the shortage of laborers.

I.

The problem arises not only from the scale and variety of the archaeological remains, but also from two other sources: the very varied natural and human threats to the resource, and the complex web of organisations with authority over, or interests in, the coastal zone. Human threats include the redevelopment of historic towns and old dockland areas, and the increased importance of the coast for the leisure and tourism industries, resulting in pressure for the increased provision of facilities such as marinas

A.

A.  Twenty-five years ago, children in London walked to school and played in parks and playing fields after school and at the weekend. Today they are usually driven to school by parents anxious about safety and spend hours glued to television screens or computer games. Meanwhile, community playing fields are being sold off to property developers at an alarming rate. ‘This change in lifestyle has, sadly, meant greater restrictions on children,’ says Neil Armstrong, Professor of Health and Exercise Sciences at the University of Exeter. ‘If children continue to be this inactive, they’ll be storing up big problems for the future.’

B.

The survey, which monitored 700 11-16-year-olds, found that 48 per cent of girls and 41 per cent of boys already exceeded safe cholesterol levels set for children by the American Heart Foundation. Armstrong adds, “heart is a muscle and need exercise, or it loses its strength.^”

C.

Physical education is under pressure in the UK – most schools devote little more than 100 minutes a week to it in curriculum time, which is less than many other European countries. Three European countries are giving children a head start in PE, France, Austria and Switzerland – offer at least two hours in primary and secondary schools.

D.

Professor Armstrong believes that there is far too great an emphasis on team games at school. “We need to look at the time devoted to PE and balance it between individual and pair activities, such as aerobics and badminton, as well as team sports. “He added that children need to have the opportunity to take part in a wide variety of individual, partner and team sports.

Multiple Choice

Questions 18-21

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

18. According to American Heart Foundation, cholesterol levels of boys are higher than girls’.

• TRUE

• FALSE

• NOT GIVEN

Multiple Choice

19. British children generally do less exercise than some other European countries.

• TRUE

• FALSE

• NOT GIVEN

C.

Physical education is under pressure in the UK – most schools devote little more than 100 minutes a week to it in curriculum time, which is less than many other European countries. Three European countries are giving children a head start in PE, France, Austria and Switzerland – offer at least two hours in primary and secondary schools.

Multiple Choice

20. Skipping becomes more and more popular in schools of UK.

• TRUE

• FALSE

• NOT GIVEN

Multiple Choice

21. According to Healthy Kids, the first task is for parents to encourage their children to keep the same healthy body weight.

• TRUE

• FALSE

• NOT GIVEN

G.

“There’s nothing worse than telling a child what he needs to do and not doing it yourself,” says Elizabeth Ward, R.D., a Boston nutritional consultant and author of Healthy Foods, Healthy Kids . “Set a good example and get your nutritional house in order first.”

Multiple Choice

22. According to paragraph A, what

does Professor Neil Armstrong concern about?

• A. Spending more time on TV affect academic level

• B. Parents have less time stay with their children

• C. Future health of British children

• D. Increasing speed of property’s development

A.

‘This change in lifestyle has, sadly, meant greater restrictions on children,’ says Neil Armstrong, Professor of Health and Exercise Sciences at the University of Exeter. ‘If children continue to be this inactive, they’ll be storing up big problems for the future.’

Multiple Choice

23. What does Armstrong indicate in

Paragraph B?

• A. We need to take a 10 minute walk everyday

• B. We should do more activity to exercise heart

• C. Girls’ situation is better than boys

• D. Exercise can cure many disease

B.

It also found that 13 per cent of boys and 10 per cent of girls were overweight. More disturbingly, the survey found that over a four-day period, half the girls and one-third of the boys did less exercise than the equivalent of a brisk 10-minute walk. High levels of cholesterol, excess body fat and inactivity are believed to increase the risk of coronary heart disease.

Multiple Choice

24. What is aim of Fit Kids’ training?

• A. Make profit by running several sessions

• B. Only concentrate on one activity for each child

• C. To guide parents how to organize activities for children

• D. Spread the idea that team sport is better

F.

What they don’t know is that they’re at a Fit Kids class, and that the fun is a disguise for the serious exercise plan they’re covertly being taken through. Fit Kids train parents to run fitness classes for children. ‘Ninety per cent of children don’t like team sports,’ says company director, Gillian Gale.

Multiple Choice

25. What did Lifshitz suggest in

the end of this passage?

• A. Create opportunities to exercise your body

• B. Taking elevator saves your time

• C. Kids should spend more than 200 calories each day

• D. We should never drive but walk

G.

Fima Lifshitz, M.D., a pediatric endocrinologist in Santa Barbara. “Now, kids in obese families are expending only 200 calories a day in physical activity,” says Lifshitz, “incorporate more movement in your family’s lifepark farther away from the stores at the mall, take stairs instead of the elevator, and walk to nearby friends’ houses instead of driving.”

Multiple Choice

26. What is main idea of this passage?

• A. Health of the children who are overweight is at risk in the future

• B. Children in UK need proper exercises

• C. Government mistaken approach for children

• D. Parents play the most important role in children’s activity

Please find the words in paragraphs

B C D E

Multiple Choice

Questions 31-37

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 31-37 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

31. It is impossible for modern people to find pronunciation of words in an earlier age

• TRUE

• FALSE

• NOT GIVEN

A.

The changes that have caused the most disagreement are those in pronunciation. We have various sources of evidence for the pronunciations of earlier times, such as the spellings, the treatment of words borrowed from other languages or borrowed by them, the descriptions of contemporary grammarians and spelling-reformers, and the modern pronunciations ....

Multiple Choice

32. The great change of language in Russian history is related to the rising status and fortune of middle classes.

• TRUE

• FALSE

• NOT GIVEN

C.

It is also possible that fashion plays a part in the process of change. It certainly plays a part in the spread of changes: one person imitates another, and people with the most prestige are most likely to be imitated, so that a change that takes place in one social group may be imitated (more or less accurately) by speakers in another group. When a social group goes up or down in the world, its pronunciation of Russian, which had formerly been considered desirable, became on the contrary an undesirable kind of accent to have, so that people tried to disguise it.

Multiple Choice

33. All the children learn speeches from adults while they assume that certain language is difficult to imitate exactly.

• TRUE

• FALSE

• NOT GIVEN

D.

A less specific variant of the argument is that the imitation of children is imperfect: they copy their parents’ speech, but never reproduce it exactly.

Multiple Choice

34. Pronunciation with causal inaccuracy will not exert big influence on language changes.

• TRUE

• FALSE

• NOT GIVEN

D.

Perhaps it is more significant that even adults show a certain amount of random variation in their pronunciation of a given phoneme, even if the phonetic context is kept unchanged. This, however, cannot explain changes in pronunciation unless it can be shown that there is some systematic trend in the failures of imitation: if they are merely random deviations they will cancel one another out and there will be no net change in the language.

Multiple Choice

35. The word “scant” can be pronounced more easily than “skamt”

• TRUE

• FALSE

• NOT GIVEN

F.

For example, the word scant was once skamt, but the /m/ has been changed to /n/ under the influence of the following /t/. Greater efficiency has hereby been achieved, because /n/ and /t/ are articulated in the same place (with the tip of the tongue against the teeth-ridge), whereas /m/ is articulated elsewhere (with the two lips).

Multiple Choice

36. The [g] in gnat not being pronounced will not be spelt out in the future.

• TRUE

• FALSE

• NOT GIVEN

Multiple Choice

37. The sound of ‘temporary’ cannot wholly present its spelling.

• TRUE

• FALSE

• NOT GIVEN

F.

Sometimes a whole syllable is dropped out when two successive syllables begin with the same consonant (haplology): a recent example is temporary, which in Britain is often pronounced as if it were temporary.

38 -> B

we find there are always large-scale regularities in the changes: for example, over a certain period of time, just about all the long [a:] vowels in a language may change into long [e:] vowels, or all the [b] consonants in a certain position (for example at the end of a word) may change into [p] consonants.

39 -> E

Assimilation is the changing of a sound under the influence of a neighbouring one. For example, the word scant was once skamt, but the /m/ has been changed to /n/ under the influence of the following /t/.

40 -> F

Consonant- clusters are often simplified. At one time there was a [t] in words like castle and Christmas, and an initial [k] in words like knight and know.