Intro to Gender Mainstreaming

Intro to Gender Mainstreaming

CD 100

​Oct 19,2021

​Learning Objective

1. ​​To define basic gender concepts.  

2. To reflect on gender and gender differences and their implications to society.  

3. To explore basic tools in gender mainstreaming

​Key Terms

1. ​Sex and Gender

2. ​Gender Stereotypes/Roles

3. ​Gender Gap/Inequality

4. ​Gender Equity

5. ​Gender Mainstreaming

   1. ​Gender Analysis

   2. ​Gender-responsive budgeting and programming

Open Ended

What is the difference between sex and gender?

​Sex

​“the different biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes, hormones, etc.”

​Gender

"the socially constructed characteristics of women and men – such as norms, roles and relationships of and between groups of women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.

Multiple Choice

Women give birth to babies, men don't.

• Sex

• Gender

Multiple Choice

When a child brought up as a girl learned that he was actually a boy, his school marks improved dramatically.

• Sex

• Gender

Multiple Choice

Men's voices break at puberty; women's do not.

• Sex

• Gender

Multiple Choice

Women can breastfeed babies, men can bottle-feed babies.

• Sex

• Gender

Multiple Choice

In most countries, women earn significantly less than men.

• Sex

• Gender

Multiple Choice

In most countries of the world, women do more housework than men.

• Sex

• Gender

Multiple Choice

Men are susceptible to prostate cancer, women are not.

• Sex

• Gender

Multiple Choice

In most countries,industries targets women by “feminising” packaging for certain brands (small “purse” packs that resemble cosmetics and evoke slimness, the use of “feminine” colours, such as pink).

• Sex

• Gender

Multiple Choice

According to UN statistics, women do 67 per cent of the world's work, yet their earnings for it amount to only 10 per cent of the world's income.

• Sex

• Gender

Multiple Choice

In some countries, the law allows people to marry a partner of the same sex; in other countries this is not allowed.

• Sex

• Gender

Gender role is a set of behaviours and attitudes considered by society to be ‘acceptable’ or ‘desirable’ for our sex or gender. It includes how we’re expected to act, speak, dress, groom.

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Gender stereotype is a widely accepted judgment or bias about a person or group — even though it’s overly simplified and not always accurate. This can cause unequal and unfair treatment because of a person’s gender.

​

Open Ended

What is the difference between gender equality and gender equity?

​Gender Equality

State or condition that affords women and men equal enjoyment of human rights, socially valued goods, opportunities, and resources.

​

​Gender Equity

Process of being just and fair in the treatment of men and women in order to achieve gender equality. To ensure fairness, measures must be taken to compensate for historical and social disadvantages that prevent women and men from operating on a level playing field.

​

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Open Ended

Why is gender equality important?

​LEGAL AND POLITICAL FRAMEWORKS

1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) Declaration and covenants

​“All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.”

​

2. ​The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)

3. The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action

Open Ended

How do we achieve gender equality and gender equity?

​How do we achieve gender equality and gender equity?

1. ​Identify patterns of inequalities/gender gaps

2. ​Address inequalities through gender mainstreaming

​Gender Gap/ Gender Inequality

The gender gap is the difference in any area between women and men in terms of their levels of participation, access to resources, rights, power and influence, remuneration and benefits. Of particular relevance related to women’s work is the “gender pay gap”, describing the difference between the average earnings of men and women (ILO, 2007).

​Examples of Gender Inequality/Gaps

• ​Globally:

  • Women have fewer opportunities for economic participation than men, less access to basic and higher education, greater health and safety risks, and less political representation.

  • Although women comprise more than 50% of the world's population, they only own 1% of the world's wealth

• In the Philippines:

  • 1 in 20 women and girls age 15-49 have experienced sexual violence in their lifetime, (NDHS,2017) 

  • Women are overrepresented in the informal economy, with 6.6 million Filipino women working in the informal sector

  • ​​Prevailing socio-cultural norms in the Philippines mean that women undertake the majority of unpaid care work

  • Women comprising 80 per cent of trafficked persons, and almost 70 per cent of repatriated overseas Filipino workers in distress

Patterns of Inequality

1. ​Inequalities in political power and representation

2. Inequalities in economic participation and opportunities

3. ​Educational attainment

4. Sexual and domestic violence

5. Differences in legal status and entitlements

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Multiple Select

How do we address gender inequality?

• Gender Analysis

• Gender Assessment

• Gender Mainstreaming

• Gender-responsive budgeting and programming

​Gender Mainstreaming

“Gender mainstreaming is a strategy used to ensure women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences are always included in the design,  implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programs to avoid continuing or supporting existing inequality between men and women.” (Mercy Corps)

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“Mainstreaming a gender perspective is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in any area and at all levels.” (UN ECOSOC)

​Gender Analysis

“a systematic way of looking at the different roles of women and men in any activity, institution or policy and at the different impacts of these on women and men, boys and girls." (UN Women)

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​WHO and HOW Questions

​

​It is a tool to understand social processes and respond with informed and equitable options. To identify gender issue/s and design strategies to address gender issues relevant to a proposed/existing PPAs. (PCW)

​Gender Analysis

Process of asking or investigating key questions at the beginning of a planning process that will help : 

 

1. Expose Unequal Power Relations

   1. Identify gaps or differences between women and men, girls and boys  

   2. Understand why these gaps exist and persist  in various levels

2. Reveal gender-based opportunities and constraints

3. Choose what actions to take to reduce the gap or address the issue  

​Levels and Tools of Analysis (PCW, 2021)

1. Community

   1. ​Gender analysis matrix (GAM)    

2. Project/Program

   1. Harmonized GAD Guidelines (HGDG)

3. Instuitution

   1. PCW’s Gender Mainstreaming Evaluation Framework (GMEF)  

   2. Gender-responsive LGUs (GeRL Ka Ba Self Assessment)

4. Policy

1. ​surveys, public meetings, public hearings, stakeholder interviews or other data collection methods

2. ​Secondary Data ( Statistics, Policies, journals etc)

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​Gender-Responsive Planning and Budgeting

​“processes of creating, applying and monitoring budgets, usually that of a local or national government, to ensure that they take into account the differing needs of women and men, boys and girls.” (GTZ)

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​Gender-responsive budgeting (GRB) is a public policy tool that analyses central and local administrative budgets to assess gender funding gaps, identify actions to close them and ensure that national and local commitments to gender equality and women’s empowerment are adequately funded. (UN Women)

​Project Life Cycle (ILO)

1. Conceptualization: Gender analysis and/or needs assessment.

2. Planning/Design: Develop a strategy for how gender equality will be promoted

3. Implementation: Take gender-specific actions to redress inequalities and discrimination

4. Monitoring and evaluation: Review the extent to which projects are addressing key gender issues. Integrate relevant gender-sensitive indicators into the project design and into the monitoring and evaluation guidelines.

Things to Remember:

1. Involve both women and men beneficiaries in project design consultations and analysis,

2. Include sex-disaggregated data in the background analysis and justification for the program.

3. Formulate gender-sensitive strategies and objectives, and corresponding gender-specific/sensitive indicators, targets and activities.

• All persons are born free and equal, according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, yet we know that women continue to strive for equal rights.

• Men and women have different priorities and restrictions, thus they can contribute to and be impacted by things in various ways. Failure to address gender problems results in ineffective and unsustainable outcomes, exacerbating disparities.

• Gender mainstreaming is a strategy for ensuring that the interests of both men and women are included in the design, implementation, and assessment of policies and programs

​References

Council of Europe. (und). Facilitating discussion on gender issues. Retrieved 16 October 2021, from https://www.coe.int/en/web/gender-matters/facilitating-discussion-on-gender-issues

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DILG FO XII (und). BASIC CONCEPTS OF AND TOOLS FOR GENDER ANALYSIS. Presentation. Retrieved 16 October 2021, from http://www.region12.dilg.gov.ph/sites/default/files/reportsresources/knowledge-materials/1073-basic-concepts-tools-gender-analysis.pdf

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Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Philippine Office. (2000). An Overview of the Gender Situation in the Philippines [Ebook]. Retrieved from https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/philippinen/50069.pdf

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Health Communication Capacoty Collaborative. (und). Key Gender Concepts – SBCC and Gender. Retrieved 16 October 2021, from https://sbccimplementationkits.org/gender/key-gender-concepts/

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Japan International Cooperation Agency. (und). Gender Profile of the Philippines [Ebook]. Retrieved from https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/thematic_issues/gender/background/c8h0vm0000anjqj6-att/philippines_summary_2008.pdf

JHPIEGO. (2016). GENDER ANALYSIS TOOLKIT FOR HEALTH SYSTEMS [Ebook]. Retrieved from https://gender.jhpiego.org/analysistoolkit/

​References

National Democratic Institute. (und). INTRODUCTION TO GENDER MAINSTREAMING Gender, Women and Politics. Lecture.Retrieved 16 October 2021

Patricia, M. (2019). MODULE 5 - Working to transform: the building blocks of gender and intersectional analysis. Presentation, Strasbourg, France. Retrieved 16 October 2021, from https://rm.coe.int/ppt-5-from-gender-blind-to-gender-sensitive-final/16809984d4

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Peace Corps. (und). Global Issues: Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment. Retrieved 16 October 2021, from https://www.peacecorps.gov/educators/resources/global-issues-gender-equality-and-womens-empowerment/

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Philippine Commission on Women. (2019). Monitoring and Evaluation of Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in the Philippines: A Compendium of Indicators Volume I – Republic of the Philippines. (2019). Retrieved 16 October 2021, from https://library.pcw.gov.ph/monitoring-and-evaluation-of-gender-equality-and-womens-empowerment-in-the-philippines-a-compendium-of-indicators-volume-i/

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Philippine Commission on Women. (und) Gender Statistics | Philippine Commission on Women. Retrieved 16 October 2021, from https://pcw.gov.ph/gender-and-statistics/

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​References

Ramšak, A. TRAINER’S MANUAL: Gender Equality and Gender Mainstreaming [Ebook]. Montenegro: EKVILIB INSTITUT. Retrieved 16 October 2021, from https://www.ekvilib.org/en/our-work/publications/#enakost-spolov

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UN Women. (2020). GENDER SNAPSHOT: COVID-19 IN THE PHILIPPINES. UN Women. Retrieved from https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20eseasia/docs/publications/2020/04/phl-covid%20gender%20snapshot%20april%202020.pdf?la=en&vs=3508

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United Nations (2021). Gender Equality | United Nations. Retrieved 16 October 2021, from https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/gender-equality