Evolution & Taxonomy Unit Review

Evolution/Taxonomy EOC Review

​Evolution is the change in genetic characteristics of a population over time. These changes have led to the diversity of organisms we see today.

Charles Darwin

• ​Voyage of HMS Beagle

• ​Made observations, collected specimens and fossils

• ​Published "On the Origin of Species" in 1859

Charles Darwin

• ​Other scientists helped him shape his ideas

  • Lamarck

  • Hutton & Lyell

  • Malthus

  • Alfred Russel Wallace

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Natural Selection

Natural Selection: Organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass traits on than organisms that don't have favorable traits "Survival of the Fittest"

​Conditions for

Natural Selection

1. ​Overproduction

2. ​Variation

3. ​Adaptation

4. ​Reproduction

5. ​Survival of the fittest

Multiple Choice

Lamarck’s ideas about evolution include the concept that differences among the traits of organisms arise as a result of

• continual increases in population size.

• the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body structures.

• an unchanging local environment.

• the natural variations already present within the population of organisms.

Multiple Choice

Darwin’s concept of natural selection was NOT influenced by

• the work of Charles Lyell.

• knowledge about the structure of DNA.

• his collection of specimens.

• his trip on the H.M.S. Beagle.

Multiple Choice

How well an organism can survive and reproduce in their environment.

• Adaptation

• Fitness

• Genetic Equilibrium

• Variation

Evidence of Evolution

Biogeography

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Patterns in distribution of living and fossil species tell us how modern organisms evolved from their ancestors.

​Fossil Evidence

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Darwin struggled with what he called “imperfection of the geological record.” 

Not enough intermediate forms of life had been found at the time to document the evolution of modern species from their ancestors.

Over time, more intermediate forms have been discovered​

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Anatomical Evidence: Homologous Structures

​Structures that are shared by related species and have been inherited from a common ancestor.

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Different functions, but same anatomical structure

​Analogous Structures

Body parts that share common function, but not structure are said to be analogous structures. 

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​Vestigial Structures

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Structures that are inherited from ancestors but have lost much or all of their original function due to different selection pressures acting on the descendent. 

​Embryology

​Similar patterns of embryonic development provide further evidence that organisms have descended from a common ancestor. Suggests gene expression is similar in early development among related species.

​Genetic/Molecular Evidence

• ​At the molecular level, the universal genetic code and homologous molecules provide evidence of common descent.

Multiple Choice

Which statement about the members of a population that live long enough to reproduce is consistent with the theory of evolution by natural selection?

• They transmit characteristics acquired by use and disuse to their offspring.

• They tend to produce fewer offspring than others in the population.

• They are the ones that are best adapted to survive in their environment.

• They will perpetuate unfavorable changes in the species.

Multiple Choice

Molecular evidence in support of natural selection includes

• the nearly universal genetic code.

• the presence of vestigial structures.

• a tendency toward perfect, unchanging DNA in various species.

• the transmission of acquired characteristics by DNA.

Multiple Choice

Structures such as the ones shown here are evidence of

• artificial selection

• common ancestry

• descent with modification

• analogous structures

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a vestigial structure?

• the wings of a red-tailed hawk

• the hind limbs of a house cat

• the fins of sharks

• the tailbone of a human

Multiple Choice

Comparing human hemoglobin of chimpanzees, horses, kangaroos, and chickens, reveal that humans have the fewest amino acid differences with 

• Kangaroos
• Horses
• chickens
• chimpanzees

Multiple Choice

The fossil record provides evidence that 

• Fossils cannot be dated.
• All species were formed during Earth’s formation and have changed little since then.
• The fossilized species have no connection to today’s species.
• Older species gave rise to more-recent species.

Multiple Choice

Individuals that are well adapted to their environment will survive and produce:

• Fewer mutations
• Stronger genes
• More offspring
• Better traits

Multiple Choice

How would you describe this evolution?

• Homologous structure

• Analogous structure

• Structural adaption

• Functional adaption

​Genetics and Evolutionary Theory

​Natural selection never directly acts on genes, only phenotype. 

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It is the entire organism, not a single gene, that either survives and reproduces or dies without reproducing. 

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​Selection on Polygenic Traits

1. ​Directional Selection

2. ​Stabilizing Selection

3. ​Disruptive Selection

​Genetics and Evolutionary Theory

Allele frequency: Number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool, as a percentage of the total occurrence of all alleles

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​Genentic Bottleneck

Multiple Choice

The frequency of phenotypes for a typical polygenic trait is most often illustrated as

• a scatter plot.

• a bell-shaped curve.

• a pie chart.

• a histogram.

Multiple Choice

In genetic drift, the allele frequencies in a gene pool change because of

• mutations.

• natural selection.

• genetic equilibrium.

• chance.

Multiple Choice

Genetic drift tends to occur in populations that

• are very large.

• are small.

• are formed from new species.

• have unchanging allele frequencies.

Multiple Choice

In a certain population of 100 individuals, one fourth of the individuals have the genotype AA, half have the genotype Aa, and one fourth have the genotype aa. One day, 10 individuals with the genotype aa leave the area and cross a river into a new habitat. Which of these processes has changed the population’s gene pool?

• nonrandom mating

• immigration

• natural selection

• emigration

Multiple Choice

The concept of gene flow is demonstrated when a cow is driven off from its herd, joins another herd, and reproduces. When the cow contributes to the new herd, which of these most likely increases?

• Natural Selection

• Genetic Variation

• Environmental Fitness

• Reproductive Mutations

Multiple Choice

More and more bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics. This is an example of which of the following?

• evolution by natural selection

• chance

• predation

• competition

Multiple Choice

The type of selection shown here where the intermediate phenotype is favorable, but not the extremes is called ___________________ selection.

• Disruptive

• Stabilizing

• Directional

• Geographic

​Reproductive Isolation leads to Speciation

Multiple Choice

Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations develop differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors that prevent them from breeding.

• Temporal

• Behavioral

• Geographic

• Bottleneck

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

• Humans have had no effect on the evolution of organisms on earth.

• The evolution of organisms on earth has been affected by humans.

• Humans are a result of evolution.

• Species continue to evolve

Multiple Choice

The Galápagos finch species are an excellent example of

• speciation.

• genetic equilibrium.

• stabilizing selection.

• selection on single-gene traits.

Multiple Choice

A factor that is necessary for the formation of a new species is

• reproduction at different times.

• geographic barriers.

• different mating behaviors.

• any form of reproductive isolation.

​Classification System

• ​Developed by Linnaeus who used Greek and Latin names

• ​all organisms placed into a few large groups - KINGDOMS -

Taxonomy

Taxonomy is the science of classification.

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More specifically, taxonomy is the science of classifying life according to shared characteristics.

​Taxon: individual levels used to classify organisms

Binomial Nomenclature

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​The system of naming is called BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE - which means it is a 2-name system.

Rules: 

1. names must either be underlined or italicized

2. Genus capitalized,  species is lowercase 

3. Can be abbreviated. Ex. F. leo and F. tigris

​Dichotomous Key

​Tool to identify organisms

Phylogeny: The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms.

​CLADOGRAM = a diagram that shows clades and how they are related

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​DERIVED CHARACTER = a trait that arose in a common ancestor that all its descendants share

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the correct way to write the scientific name of the Northern cardinal?

• cardinalis cadinalis

• Cardinalis cardinalis

• cardinalis Cardinalis

• Cardinalis Cardinalis

Multiple Choice

Which of the following list the taxa from broadest to most specific?

• domain, kingdom, class, order, phylum, family, genus, species
• species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
• domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
•  phylum, kingdom, class, family, order, genus, domain, species

Multiple Choice

Which derived character is common to clade amniota and all descendants?

• amniotic egg

• hair

• retractable claws

• specialized shearing teeth

Multiple Choice

All organisms to the right of the hagfish would have the common characteristic of

• fur

• claws or nails

• lungs

• jaws

Domain: Archaea

Archaea includes only one Kingdom of life within it: archaebacteria.

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Archaea are single-celled, very ancient, and often extremophiles.

Domain: Bacteria

Bacteria includes only one Kingdom of life within it: eubacteria.

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Eubacteria are single-celled. They are what we think of when think of bacteria, and they exist all around us and inside us.

Domain: Eukarya

Eukarya includes four Kingdoms of life:

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Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Multiple Choice

Which is not one of the three domains?

• Bacteria

• Archaea

• Protista

• Eukarya

Multiple Choice

Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms that live in extreme environments are members of the domain

• Fungi

• Eukarya

• Bacteria

• Archaea