Systems of the Body

Systems of the Body

​Quarter 2: Week 1

by: ERWIN SEBASTIAN

​Functions:

1. mobility or movement,

2. give shape and support in the body

3. protect the vital organs (brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys).

4. Our bones and muscles work together

5. allowing us to sit, walk, run, smile, dance and more

​Musculo-Skeletal System

​The skeletal system includes

• the bones,

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• cartilage,

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• ligaments,

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• and tendons.

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​Ligaments

​A bone is a hard, living tissue and contains blood vessels, nerves and dividing cells. Most bones are hollow, or at least spongy inside. The hollow center of the bone is the marrow. The marrow produces red and white blood cells and stores some of the body’s excess fat.

​Cartilage is a tough, flexible tissue. Cartilage is the one cushioning the ends of the long bones where they meet. You can feel the cartilage in your earlobes and the lower part of your nose.

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Ligaments attach one bone to another where two bones connect. The bones do not separate even if they do a lot of movement because the ligaments hold them together.

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Tendon is a tissue that connects bone to a muscle. It is made of tough material called periosteum.

​Joints

​A joint is a place where two bones meet.

​Hinge joints can be found on the elbows and knees which can move in one direction- up and down. They are like door hinges.

​Ball and Socket

​Hinge joints can be found on the elbows and knees which can move in one direction- up and down. They are like door hinges.

​Pivot Joints

​Pivot joint allows rotation. Your wrist and where your head is attached to the spinal cord are pivot joints. This is why you can turn a doorknob with and turn your head.

​Gliding Joints

​Gliding joint attaches

a rib to the vertebrae

in the backbone.

​Types of Muscles

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​ It regulates the body temperature and a site for sensory receptors like pain, temperature and sensation. The skin is the largest organ of the body. It is where the nerve receptors are located allowing the body to sense heat, cold,pain, pressure and touch. The skin is composed of the outer layer called epidermis, the middle layer called dermis and the innermost layer, called the subcutaneous layer.

​The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands. Its main function is to act as a wall or barrier to protect the body from diseases, infection and injury.

The epidermis is the outer skin layer. The skin’s surface has many ridges and valleys. The ridges are called papillae. The eye can detect small openings in the skin surface called the pores. A pigment called melanin is made in the inner layer of the epidermis.

​The Dermis Oil glands and sweat glands are found in the dermis. The sebaceous glands found around the hair shafts secrete oil known as sebum.

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Sebaceous glands are found almost everywhere on the surface of the body except on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.

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Sebum moves up through the duct around the hair shaft and out of the pore at the surface of the skin. It coats and lubricates the carotene layer of the epidermis and makes the skin more waterproof.

​The Subcutaneous layer The deepest of the skin layer is the subcutaneous. It supplies fat to our body. It insulates the body against heat and cold and also acts as an inner cushion to protect the body against injuries.

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Hair covers the skin. It has two parts: the shaft which extends beyond or above the surface and the root which is firmly fixed in the skin. Hairs have different functions in different parts of the body. Hairs in the nose and ears filters the dust particles and other foreign objects. Eyebrows are there to keep the sweat out of our eyes. The hair in the scalp protects the head from scratch.

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Nails are flat, hard covering at the tips of our fingers and toes. They are designed to protect the sensitive areas of the tips of the fingers and toes and provide indications of overall health. Fingernails and toenails protect the distal parts of your fingers and toes. The nails are most firmly attached to the base of the nail. This crescent-shaped area is called the lunula.

​Digestive System

​Digestion is the process by which food is broken and dissolved so that it can be taken into the blood to be used by the body.