CH. 13-The Scientific Revolution

CH. 13-The Scientific Revolution

​Lesson Objectives: by the end of this lesson, students will be able to:

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• identify important theories advanced by Greeks scientists

• examine contributions made by Muslim, Christian, & Jewish scholars

• examine new scientific theories & discoveries of the 17th century

• describe inventions of the 17th & 18th centuries

• ​explain the developments of scientific rationalism & its effects on the Church

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Subject | Subject

​ROOTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

​The period following the Middle Ages was one of major changes in Europe. The Renaissance brought an explosion of creativity in art, literature, and architecture. The Reformation transformed people’s religious ideas. Another important movement introduced great advances in science. This movement is called the Scientific Revolution, and it began in Europe around the mid-1500s.

History of Scientific Thought

• rationalism: people use reason, or logic, to understand the world

• Ptolemy & Aristotle (pictured) promoted the geocentric theory

• placed Earth at the center of the universe; sun, moon, planets all moved in a circular path around Earth

• this view proved to be wrong, but scientists accepted it for the next 1,400 years

Multiple Choice

The geocentric theory places ____ at the center of the universe.

• The Milky Way Galaxy

• Jupiter

• Earth

• the sun

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GREEK MATHEMATICS​

• Greek scholar, Pythagoras, tried to explain the universe in mathematical terms

• all things combine in an agreeable way to form the universe

• harmony: things combining well with each other to form the universe or a whole

• Euclid (pictured) studied shapes, such as circles and triangles

• formed the basis of the area of study known as geometry

• his studies are still the basis for courses in geometry today

Multiple Choice

A(n) _____ is a proposed explanation for a set of facts.

• theory

• hypotheis

• philosophy

• attempt

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​GEOCENTRIC THEORY

​GREEK MEDICINE

• the Greeks laid the foundation for modern medicine

• Hippocrates (pictured) believed doctors would be able to diagnose diseases by observing many cases

• this approach strongly influenced later medical practices

• Galen focused on anatomy, the structure of living things

• dissection: cutting open plants and animals to look at their parts

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Multiple Choice

Upon graduation, many medical students take a modern version of the Hippocratic Oath.

• true

• false

THE HIPPOCRATIC OATH (excerpt)

​"I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God."

MUSLIM SCHOLARS​

• al-Khwarizmi (pictured): his work resulted in the Arabic numbering system still used in most of the world today

• he developed algebra

• al-Razi: identified & described diseases

• Ibn Sina (Persian doctor): published the Canon of Medicine, which organized all medical knowledge

• Muslims also made significant advances in astronomy; created observatories for studying the stars

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Multiple Choice

From _____, Muslim scholars adopted such mathematical concepts as the decimal system, the number zero, and the ten Arabic numerals commonly used today.

• China

• Egypt

• Persia

• India

JEWISH SCHOLARS​

• Maimonides (pictured), a Jewish scholar, wrote about & taught religion, science, & medicine

• Gersonides, another Jewish scholar, made an instrument to measure the distance between objects in the sky

• he estimated that the stars were a huge distance from Earth

• before this discovery, most scholars believed that the stars were just beyond the moon

Multiple Choice

Many Muslims, Jewish, and Christian scholars translated Greek and Arabic scientific works into ______.

• English

• Latin

• French

• German

CHRISTIAN SCHOLARS

As scientific knowledge spread through Europe, conflict soon arose between Christianity and science. Christianity stressed viewing the world through faith. Scientists, however, emphasized reason. During the 1200s, Christian scholar Thomas Aquinas tried to show that the two approaches could exist in harmony. Reason and faith, he argued, both came from God. Later discoveries, however, threatened this harmony between religion and science.

Multiple Choice

The Renaissance revived interests in scientific learning and encouraged the questioning of old beliefs.

• true

• false

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Influenced by humanism, scholars in the 1500s began to question classical scientific ideas and Christian beliefs. This new spirit of questioning accepted views of the world became known as the Scientific Revolution.

NEW SCIENTIFIC THEORIES

• in the early 1500s, Polish astronomer, Nicholas Copernicus (pictured), challenged Ptolemy's geocentric theory

• he stated that the stars, Earth, and planets revolved around the sun, which did not move

• this is known as the heliocentric theory

• almost 100 years later, German astronomer, Johannes Kepler, refined & built on Copernicus' theories

• planets revolved in elliptical, not circular orbits

• elliptical orbits are oval in shape

Multiple Choice

The heliocentric theory places _____ at the center of the universe.

• the moon

• Earth

• Saturn

• the sun

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​HELIOCENTRIC THEORY

GALILEO GALILEI

• using more powerful telescopes, Italian scientist Galileo (pictured) made observations that further supported Copernicus's theory

• in 1633, the Catholic Church condemned Galileo's discoveries and put him on trial for heresy

• they forced him to publicly deny his findings

• at first he refused, but then he did

• he was placed under house arrest, until he died

• over time, the heliocentric theory gained acceptance

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​GALILEO ON TRIAL

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ISAAC NEWTON

• in the late 1600s, the English scientist Isaac Newton (pictured) combined the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, & Galileo into one single theory

• he stated that all physical objects were affected by the same force—gravity

• it keeps people from flying off Earth's surface and into space

• law of universal gravitation: all objects in the universe attract one another

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Multiple Choice

______ is the force that keeps planets revolving around the sun.

• gravity

• friction

• inertia

• motion

NEWTON'S FIRST LAW: LAW OF INERTIA

Newton’s first law states that if a body is at rest or moving at a constant speed in a straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight line at constant speed unless it is acted upon by a force.​

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Multiple Choice

Strength or power exerted upon an object is known as—

• acceleration

• inertia

• gravity

• force

NEWTON'S SECOND LAW: LAW OF ACCELERATION

The second law states:

The acceleration of an object is connected to the force which is acting on it. The object speeds up due to the force acting on it.

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As we found out before, an object starts moving because of the force acting on it. But how can we determine how fast it will move? Newton concluded that there are two factors the acceleration depends upon — the mass of the object and the force exerted on it.

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How much an object will speed up directly depends on its mass and the amount of force applied to it.

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Multiple Choice

Acceleration is the name we give to any process where the velocity (speed and direction of a moving object) changes.

• true

• false

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​"If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants."

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—Isaac Newton​

NEWTON'S THIRD LAW: ACTION AND REACTION

Newton’s Third Law declares:

For every external force, there is an equal force acting in the opposite direction.

What Newton means by it is that there are always two forces acting on each other at the same time in the opposite directions. And there are no isolated forces — it is a package deal. The first force comes from outside. The second one is the reaction on the first one, which acts back on the object exerting that force. These two forces are always equal, and in the end, they compensate each other.

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Multiple Choice

Newton also concluded that ____ is a mixture of colors, thus explaining rainbows.

• acceleration

• light

• gravity

• inertia

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​MICROSCOPE

• invented in 1590 by Dutch eyeglass maker Zacharias Jansen

• Anton Von Leeuwenhook, a Dutch scientist, was the first person to observe microscopic life

• magnified objects between 250 & 300 times

• he observed bacteria, or tiny moving matter, in fluids

• also observed the flow of blood through tiny blood vessels called capillaries

Multiple Choice

In 1665, English scientist Robert Hooke coined the word ____ to name microscopic structures he observed in thin slices of cork.

• orbit

• physics

• cell

• bacteria

​THERMOMETER

• invented by Galileo in the early 1600s

• measures temperature

• open glass tube with a bulb containing water at the bottom (pictures)

• the water rose in the tube as it warmed and sank as it cooled

• German scientist Gabriel Fahrenheit made the first mercury thermometer

• Swedish astronomer, Anders Celsius, created a thermometer scale in 1742

• water freezes at 0˚ and boils at 100˚ Celsius

Multiple Choice

Water freezes at ____ degrees Fahrenheit and boils at 212˚ Fahrenheit.

• 32

• 50

• 100

• 0

​BAROMETER

• invented in 1643 by Evangelista Torricelli

• measures the pressure of Earth's atmosphere

• later used to predict the weather

• it measures changes in air pressure, which signal changes in the weather

• rising air pressure usually indicates good weather

• falling air pressure tends to be a sign of bad weather

Multiple Choice

The four elements, air, earth, fire, and ____ make up all matter in the world.

• water

• gas

• plasma

• carbon

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​TECHNOLOGY OF THE 1600S

​DESCARTES & RATIONALISM

• Frenchman Rene Descartes believed in questioning the opinions of scientists

• he also believed that every idea should be doubted until it has been proven through reason

• famous for his saying "I think, therefore I am"

• said God created two realities: physical & the mind (what people think)

• claimed that people could use their "rational" minds to understand the "truths" of the physical world

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Multiple Choice

Rationalism is a belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response.

• true

• false

BACON & THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD​

• Englishman Sir Francis Bacon (pictured) also believed in using rational, organized thought

• felt scientists should use experiments & observation rather than abstract reasoning to understand the world

• this is known as the SCIENTIFIC METHOD

• it is a logical approach for forming & testing ideas

• claimed that people could use their "rational" minds to understand the "truths" of the physical world

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Multiple Choice

One of the key steps in the Scientific Method is forming a(n) _____, an explanation that can be tested (an educational guess).

• hypothesis

• formula

• analysis

• data

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SCIENTIFIC RATIONALISM

The ideas of Bacon and Descartes became known as scientific rationalism. In this school of thought, observation, experimentation, and mathematical reasoning replaced ancient wisdom and church teachings as the source of scientific knowledge. Scientific rationalism provided a procedure for establishing proof for scientific theories. It laid a foundation for formulating theories on which other scientists could build.​ It also contributed to the development of democratic government,