Biology Praxis - Diversity of Life and Organismal Biology

Biology Praxis - Diversity of Life and Organismal Biology

By E James

Objectives Covered

• Homeostatis

• Reproduction, development, and growth in animals

• Major plant divisions

• Structures and functions of major plant tissues and organs

• Plant live cycles and reproduction

• Transportation of water in plants

• ​Photosynthesis

• Living vs nonliving things

• Classification systems of organisms

• Viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals

• Major animal phyla

• Organizational hierarchy of multicellular organisms

• Major organ systems in animals

Characteristics of Living Things

1. Made of cells

2. Can reproduce​ and pass traits to offspring

3. Maintain homeostasis

4. Perform metabolic activities

5. Respond to stimuli

6. Grow​

Subject | Subject

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​Classifying Organisms

Kingdoms

• ​Monera

  • Bacteria

  • Archaea​

• Protista

• Fungi

• Plantae

• Amimalia​

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Subject | Subject

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​Current classification uses the three-domain system.

• Archaea

• Bacteria

• Eukaryota​

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ systems

Organism​

Biological Organization

Structure

Organization

Modes of Nutrition

Reproduction and Replication​

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​Classification Characteristics

Multiple Choice

Which of the following characteristic is NOT considered necessary for life?

• reproduction

• mobility

• growth

• regulation

​Mobility is not a characteristic necessary for life.

​

The ability to reproduce and pass genes on to offspring is a major characteristic of life.

All organisms grow through cell enlargement and cell division.

Living things regulate their cellular processes and behavior in response to their environment.​

​

Multiple Choice

Which of the following two groups of organisms are found within the traditional Monera kingdom?

• archaea and bacteria

• protists and bacteria

• protists and fungi

• fungi and archaea

​The traditional Monera kingdom is subdivided into two distinct kingdoms: Bacteria and Archaea

Protists are a part of the Protista Kingdom.

Fungi derive from the Fungi Kingdom.

​

​

Multiple Choice

Which is a difference between fungi and plants?

• Plants photosynthesize; fungi do not.

• Plants have a cell wall; fungi do not.

• Fungi have chloroplasts; plants do not.

• Fungi are mobile; plants are not.

​Plants photosynthesize and fungi and do not is an accurate description of the modes of nutrition among these two kingdoms.

​

Both plants and fungi cells contain a cell wall.

Plants contain chloroplasts while fungi do not.

Neither group is mobile.​

Multiple Choice

Select the false statement.

• All life is classified into one of three domains.

• The domain system is based on the structure and sequence of rRNA.

• The domain system was first proposed by Carolus Linnaeus in the 17th century.

• The domain system represents a shift in the understanding of evolutionary relationships among living things.

​Linnaeus proposed the kingdom system of classification during the 17th century; Carl Woese proposed the domain system in 1977.

​

All life is categorized into Archaea, Bacteria, or Eukaryota domain.

The domain system is based on the molecular structure of organisms.

The domain system also incorporated a reconfiguration of the classification process that included the evolutionary relationships between groups of animals

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Multiple Choice

Select the kingdom that does not fall under the Eukaryota domain.

• Fungi

• Bacteria

• Animalia

• Plantae

The kingdom ​Bacteria has its own domain.

​

The three kingdoms found in the Eukaryota domain are Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia​.

Multiple Choice

Which group of organisms have cell walls supported by chitin?

• bacteria

• animals

• plants

• fungi

​Animals do not have cell walls.

Bacteria and plants cell walls are not supported by chitin. Plants cell walls are supported by cellulose.

​

Fungal cell walls are supported and strengthened by chitin.​

Multiple Choice

Select the organelle the distinguishes plant cells from animal and fungi cells.

• mitochondria

• cellulose

• chloroplasts

• cell wall

​Plants and some protists are the only organisms that contain chloroplasts.

​

All eukaryotic cells have mitochondria.

Cellulose is not an organelle.

Fungi have a cell wall so that is not a difference between plant and fungi, even if they are composed of different substances. ​

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a protein that protects the genetic information of a virus?

• nucleus

• cell wall

• capsid

• cytoplasm

​Viruses are often classified by the shape of their protective protein coat, or capsid.

​

Viruses do not contain nuclei or cell walls.

Many viruses do not contain cytoplasm, and this is not a protein layer providing protection.​

Multiple Choice

Which of the following distinguishes a colony from a multicellular organism?

• Cells in a colony can live independently of one another, while cells in multicellular organisms cannot.

• Colonies can only reproduce asexually, while multicellular organisms reproduce sexually.

• Only eukaryotic organisms can live in colonies.

• Only prokaryotic organisms can be multicellular.

​Cells in a colony can live independently of one another; however, cells in multicellular organisms can divide and replicate but cannot perform all life functions for an organism.

​

Mode of reproduction in not a distinguishing behavior.

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes can live in colonies.

Only eukaryotes can be multicellular.​

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Multiple Choice

True multicellularity arises only among which group?

• archaea

• prokaryotes

• eukaryotes

• bacteria

​True multicellularity can only exist among eukaryotes.

​

Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular porkaryotes.

Prokakryotes can only be unicellular, although some do live as aggregate colonies.

​

Multiple Choice

Which mode of nutrition is found among animals, fungi, some protists, and most bacteria?

• chemosynthesis

• heterotrophy

• autotrophy

• photosynthesis

​Heterotrophs are organisms that depend on food made by autotrophs and the mode of nutrition of the groups listed required them to obtain energy from other organisms.

​

Chemosynthesis is a process that a small group of bacteria and archaea can undergo.

Animals and fungi cannot make their own food so they are not autotrophs.

Photosynthesis applies to plants and some forms of cyanobacteria.​

​

Multiple Choice

Select the statement that describes the relationship between autotrophs and heterotrophs.

• Heterotrophs evolved from autotrophs.

• Heterotrophs and autotrophs compete for the same energy sources.

• Autotrophs decompose waste left by heterotrophs.

• Heterotrophs depend on food made by autotrophs.

​Heterotrophs are unable to create organic matter from inorganic matter so they depend on autotrophs for food.

​

Autotrophs derive energy from sunlight or chemicals in their environment.​ They do not compete with heterotrophs, instead heterotrophs rely on them as an energy source.

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Multiple Choice

A virus releases an enzyme that causes the host cell to rupture and release viral clones during _____.

• binary fission

• viral replication

• lytic cycle

• lysogenic cycle.

​The lytic cycle results in a virus releasing lytic enzymes to cause the host's cell membrane to rupture, killing the host cell in the process.

​

Binary fission is the process of asexual reproduction among living things.

The described process is just one specific part of viral reproduction.

The lysogenic cycle is a part of the lytic cycle during which some viruses lay dormant and reproduce in a host cell.​

​

Multiple Choice

What is term used to describe a group of specialized cells working together to perform a similar function?

• organelles

• tissues

• organism

• system

​Tissues are a group of specialized cells that work together to perform a similar function.

​

Organelles​ are specialized units within a cell.

An organism is the unit that performs all necessary functions for life.

An organ "system" is a group of organs that work together.​

​Animals

Characteristics

Evolution

Phyla

Life Functions

Reproduction and Development

Childbirth

Metamorphosis

Aging

Behavior​

Subject | Subject

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following groups of organisms contains the fluid-filled body cavity that has a mesoderm lining?

• acoelomate

• coelomate

• procoelomate

• pseudocoelomate

​Coelomates have a body cavity that surrounds the digestive system and is lined with a mesoderm, giving rise to other bodily tissues.

​

Acoelomates lack any body cavity.

Procoelomate is not a scientific term​. A distractor.

Pseudocoelomates have a body cavity, but it is partial and not lined with a mesoderm.​

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Multiple Choice

Select the term that is NOT a form of asexual reproduction.

• parthenogenesis

• regeneration

• fragmentation

• hermaphroditism

​Hermaphroditism is the appearance of both male and female sexual organs in an individual and is not a form of sexual reproduction.

​

​Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which an embryo develops from an unfertilized egg.

Regeneration is a form of asexual reproduction in which offspring are produced from a part of a parent.

Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction in which offspring are produced from a parent body that had fragmented into distinct pieces,​

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Multiple Choice

Select the term that does NOT apply to the Porifera phylum.

• acoelomate

• asymetrical

• endotherm

• sessile

​Sponges are ectotherms, which means their internal temperature is regulated by the external environment.

​

The body plan of a sponge does not display any predictable pattern.

Sponges spend the majority of their lives attached to one spot​.

Spondes to do not have a body cavity, which is the definition of acoelomate.​

Multiple Choice

Select the true statement about animals in the Cnidaria phylum.

• They display radial symetry.

• The have true organ systems.

• They only reproduce asexually.

• They have two distinct openings.

​The body plans of cnidarians (jellyfish) are all the same: tentacles surrounding a center opening.

​

Cnidarians have specialized cells and tissues that function similarly to organs, but lack true organ systems.​

Both sexual and asexual reproduction is found within this phylum.

Cnidarians have a single opening​ that brings food in and expels waste.

Multiple Choice

How do platyhelminths obtain and process oxygen?

• They take it from their host and process it in the nervous system.

• They take it from their host and process it in the circulatory system.

• They absorb it from the environment and process it in the circulatory system.

• They absorb it from the environment and process it in the digestive system.

​Platyhelminthes (tapeworm) do not have a circulatory system so they absorb oxygen through their skin and process it in their digestive system.

Multiple Choice

Select the statement that does NOT describe a distinguishing feature of the Nemotoda phylum.

• They have complete digestive systems.

• They reproduce sexually.

• They are pseudocoelates.

• They have a segmented body plan.

​Nematodes (roundworms) display bilateral symmetry but are not considered segmented.

​

​Nematodes have a complete digestive system with two openings.

They exclusively reproduce sexually.​

They have a prototypical body cavity that is not lined with a mesoderm.​

Multiple Choice

Select the characteristic that is NOT an advantage of body segmentation in annelids?

• mobility

• respiration

• differentiation

• flexibility

​Annelids (earthworms) absorb oxygen through their skin as part of respiration, which has nothing to do with body segmentation.

​

Individual segments can contract and release independently of one another, giving the animal greater control over mobility.

Separate segments can take on different functions independently of the other segments.

Segmentation provides flexibility in movement along with providing strength.​

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Multiple Choice

When considering the mantle in the phylum Mollusca, which is NOT true?

• Mantles off protection for the soft bodies of mollusks.

• Mantles can secrete material for a hard shell in most species.

• Mantles are not found in all species of mollusks.

• Mantles provide a cavity near the body for gill formation.

​Mollusks (snail, clam, octopus) and they all have mantles.

​

M​antles protect the internal organs. Many mollusks develop a hard protection shell that originates in the mantle. ​The mantle cavity is the site of gill formation.

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT an organ system found in the phylum Arthropoda?

• digestive system

• male reproductive system

• nervous system

• closed circulatory sytems

​Arthropods (spiders, shrimp, insects) have an open circulatory system.

​

All arthropods have a digestive system, including a stomach. They are single sex and have either a male or female reproductive system. They have a complex nervous system with a brain and sensory organs.​

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Multiple Choice

Select the organ system NOt found in the Echinodermata phylum.

• excretory system

• water vascular system

• digestive system

• nervous system

Echinoderms (starfish) lack an anus and an excretory system so they excrete waste through the same opening in which they ingest food.​

​

The water vascular system is a water transport system unique to echinoderms. Echinoderms have a functioning digestive system and they have a primitive nervous system that does include sensory organs but no brain.

Multiple Choice

Which class of chrodates contain the monotremes?

• Mammalia

• Reptilia

• Chondrichthyes

• Agnatha

​Monotremes are egg-laying mammals.

​

Although the monotremes lay hard eggs like reptiles​, the presences of fur and mammary glands places them in the Mammalia class.

Chondrichthyes is the class of vertebrates that contain cartilaginous fish.

The class Agnatha encompasses the jawless fish like lampreys.​

Multiple Choice

Select the function of a lateral line in the bony fishes.

• cover and protect the gills

• make the fish more buoyant

• detect pressure differences in the water

• protect the spinal cord

​The lateral line is a sensory organ found in bony fish and many species of cartilaginous fish.

​

The operculum cover and protects the gills.

The swim bladdes makes the fish more buoyant.

The vertebrae protects the spinal cord.​

Multiple Choice

Select the true statement about the heart.

• All hearts contain four separate chambers.

• Blood is received in the ventricle.

• Heart chambers are seprated by valves.

• Blood exits the heart via veins.

​Valves exist between the atria and ventricles of the heart in order to prevent backflow of blood.

​

Four-chambered hearts are only found in mammals and birds.

Blood is received in the atria and pumped from the ventricles.

Arteries are the vessels that carry blood away from the heart while veins carry blood to the heart.​

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT transport by blood?

• impluses

• oxygen

• waste

• nutrients

​Nerve impulses are transported in the nervous system, not in the cardiovascular system.

​

Oxygen and other gases are transported in the blood.

Blood carries waste from various parts of the body to other parts for excretion.

Nutrients are delivered to various parts of the body by blood.​

Multiple Choice

_____ are small air sacs that function as the site of ecternal respiration and gas exchange in the lungs.

• Capillaries

• Bronchi

• Alveoli

• Cilia

​The alveoli are sacs found at the terminal end of each bronchiole in the lungs and are the site of gas exchange with the blood.

​

Capillaries are the smallest branches of blood vessels.

The left and right bronchi are divisions of the trachea that direct gas in and out of the left and right lungs.​

Cilia are small hair-like structures that sweep particles out to prevent entrance into the respiratory system.

Multiple Choice

What is an advantage of gills over direct diffusion?

• Gills allow for air to be directly absorbed by each cell.

• Gills allow animals to move between air and land.

• Gills transport oxygen to all parts of the body.

• Gills provide more surface area to collect oxygen.

​Gills are highly branched which significantly increases the surface area and maximizes oxygen absorption.

​

Allowance for air to be directly absorbed by each cell is​ an advantage of direct diffusion.

Gills are predominantly in aquatic animals​.

The animal's cardiovascular system transports oxygen throughout the body.​

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Multiple Choice

Which type of bone tissue gives bone its hardness and strength (hint: also called compact bone)?

• osseous bone

• cancellous bone

• spongy bone

• cortical bone

​Cortical bone (compact bone) is dense and solid and provides critical strength to the bone.

​

Cortical bone is one type of osseous tissue.

Cancellous bone, also called spongy bone, is softer and more porous than cortical bone.

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Multiple Choice

Select the one that is NOT a primary function of the skeletal system.

• protect the vital organs and tissue

• store water for future use

• produce red and white blood cells

• provide structure and body shape

​All cells in the body store water so this is not a primary function unique to the skeletal system.

​

​The skeletal system provides protection for the brain, spinal cord, abdominal organs, and other areas of soft tissue.

Bone marrow plays a vital role in producing blood cells.

Structure, shape, and support are all primary roles of the skeletal system.​

Multiple Choice

____ is the primary structural unit of muscle.

• Sarcomere

• Fiber

• Cell

• Myosin

​The sarcomere is the bindle of fibers responsible for muscle contraction.

​

Sarcomeres are made of layers of fibers.

The cell is the basic unit of all living things.

Myosin is a protein comprising the thick filaments within a sarcomere.​

Multiple Choice

Which type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movement in the body?

• cardiac

• visceral

• smooth

• skeletal

​Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeletal system and are controlled voluntarily.

​

Cardiac muscles produce involuntary muscle movement in the heart.

​Visceral muscle, also known as smooth muscle, produces involuntary movement within various organs and tissues.​

Multiple Choice

Select the organ that is an acessory organ and NOT a part of the digestive tract.

• liver

• pharynx

• mouth

• small intestine

​The liver is an accessory organ that detoxifies ingested toxins and produces bile for fat digestion.

​

The pharynx, the throat, connects the mouth to the esophagus.

The mouth is the first part of the digestive tract.

The small intestine is the largest organ in the digestive tract, where most digestion and nutrient absorption takes place.​

Multiple Choice

Solid waste is stored and then excreted from the body in the___

• chyme

• rectum

• colon

• large intestine

​The rectum is located at the end of the digestive tract and is the final storage space for feces before it is defecated through the anus.

​

Chyme is the partially digested food that leaves the stomach and enters the intestines.

The colon​ is a large portion of the large intestine where water and nutrient absorption occurs.

The large intestine consists of the colon, rectum, and anus; it compacts and stores the feces prior to excretion.​

Multiple Choice

Which germ layer eventually produces the organs of the circulatory and reproductive systems?

• mesoderm

• neuroderm

• ectoderm

• endoderm

​The mesoderm gives rise to the heart, blood vessels, and blood, as well as major organs of the male and female reproductive systems.

​

​Neroderm is a distractor.

The ectoderm (outermost layer) develops sensory and nervous organs as well as the skin.

The endoderm (innermost layer) becomes the respiratory system, digestive tract, and other organs.​

Multiple Choice

The site of the first stages of spermatogenesis is the ____.

• vas deferens

• testes

• epididymes

• gonad

​Initial spermatogenesis occurs in tightly wound tubes found within the testes.

​

The vas deferens is the tube-shaped organ that transports sperm to the urethra.

The epididymis is a site of final maturation and storage of sperm.

Gonad is a broader term that refers to the gamete-​producing organs of both males and females.

Multiple Choice

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for reflexive movement in vertebrates?

• sensory receptors

• neurons

• spinal cord

• axom

​The spinal cord receives and responds to a stimulus without input from the brain.

​

Sensory receptors receive outside stimuli and transmit the information via neurons to the body.

Neurons describe all nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses through the body.

Axons are appendages of neurons that send impulses awa from one neuron to another.​

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following divisions of the nervous system is responsible for relaxing the body into a normal, mom-emergency state?

• parasympathetic

• sympathetic

• autonomic

• somatic

​The parasympathetic system is responsible for the body's rest-and-digest state, in which the body relaxes and conserves energy as it performs non-emergency functions.

​

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's fight or flight state, enhancing alertness in order to respond to an emergency situation.

​The autonomic nervous system refers to all involuntary movement and functions of the body, which includes but is not limited to the parasumpathetic responses.

The somatic nervous system refers to all voluntary muscular movement of the body.​

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following transmit chemical messages to target cells by binding to receptor molecules?

• glands

• neurons

• hormones

• impulses

​Hormones are chemical messengers that bind to target cells to instigate change in response to a stimulus.

​

Ductless glands produce many of the body's hormones but are not the messengers themselves.

Neurons are nerve cells that transmit impulses to other neurons over a synapse.

Impulses are electrical messages that are transmitted by neurons.​

Multiple Choice

Which gland of the endocrine system is responsible for producing a hormone that creates white blood cells?

• adrenal gland

• pineal gland

• thyroid

• thymis

​The thymus is a gland that produces white blood cells and other immunological activity.

​

​The adrenal glands produce adrenaline, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids.

The pineal gland is responsible for producing melatonin to regulate sleep cycles.

The thyroid regulates metabolism​ and calcium levels in the blood.

Multiple Choice

Which in NOT considered a nonspecific defense of the innate immune system?

• fever

• inflammation

• phagocyte production

• antibody production

​Antibodies are produced by B-cells as part of an adaptive immunity response.

​

​Fever is a nonspecific response that destroys pathogens by raising the internal body temperature.

Inflammation is a nonspecific response that triggers white blood dells to a damaged tissue area to remove cells and repair the tissue.

​Phagocytes, or cell-eating cells, play an important role in both innate and adaptive immune systems.

Multiple Choice

What is the primary goal of a negative feedback loop?

• reverse the change made by an external stimulus

• release hormones to the affected area of the body

• enhance the change made by an external stimulus

• alter behavior of the animal to avoid the exernal stimulus

​A negative feedback loop seeks to return the body to homeostasis by stopping, slowing, or reversing the initial response to an external stimulus.

​

This is one potential result of a negative feedback loop, but it is not always the primary goal.

The is the primary goal of a positive feedback loop. which is rare and only used in extreme circumstances.

This is one potential result of negative feedbal loop, but is is not always the primary goal.​

Multiple Choice

Select the two organ systems that exert the most direct control over hormeostasis.

• nervous and urinary

• integumentary and endocrine

• endocrine and nervous

• urinary and integumentary

​Most of the body's processes that maintain homeostasis are directly controlled by the endocrine and nervous systems.

​The nervous system receives stimuli and dictates responses and is considered a controlling organ system in homeostasis. The urinary system is vital in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis but is not considered an overall controlling system of homeostasis.​

The integumentary system's organs, such as the skin, play an important role in both thermoregulation and osmoregulation, but they are not considered a controlling system.

The urinary and integumentary systems do not receive stimuli, direct responses, or trigger hormones like the nervous and endocrine systems.​

Multiple Choice

Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of sleep/wake homeostasis and behavior?

• progesterone

• ADH

• melatonin

• TSH

​Melatonin is produced in response to sunlight to stimulate sleep/wake patterns in animals.

​

Progesterone is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the reproductive system.

ADH is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in osmoregulation.

TSH is produced by the hypothalamus to stimulate the thyroid into producing the hormones that dictate growth and metabolism.​

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Plants

• Evolution

• Major Plant Division

• Monocots and Dicots

• Anatomy

• Physiology

  • C3, C4, and CAM Photosynthesis

  • Hormones

  • Photoperiods​

• Reproduction

• Asexual Reproduction

• Germination, Growth, and Differentiation​

Subject | Subject

Multiple Choice

Select the part of the plant that connects the leaf to the other plant structures.

• blade

• stomata

• stem

• petiole

​The petiole is a thin stem that connects the leaf to the main stem.

​

The blade is the broad part of the leaf where most photosynthesis and transpiration take place.

Stomata are openings on the underside of a leaf blade that allow the exchange of gases and the regulation of water.

Stem is a broad term; the specific​ stem that connects the leaf to the rest of the plant is the petiole.

Multiple Choice

Which two structures comprise the stamen - the male reproductive part of a flower?

• stigma and filament

• pollen and anther

• stigma and style

• anther and filament

​The anther contains sperm and produces pollen grains; the filament supports and extends the anther.

​

​The stigma is the tip of the carpel - the female reproductive structure; the filament is part of the stamen.

The pollen is produced by the anther, but it is not a structure itself.

The stigma and style are structures that comprise the female carpel, functioning to capture pollen and direct it to the ovary for fertilization.​

Multiple Choice

___ is the section of the root that regulates the amount of water that enters the vascular tissue.

• root cap

• endodermis

• cortex

• meristem

​The endodermis is an inner layer of root tissue that controls how much water and how much nutritional material can enter the vascular cylinder for transport.

​

The root cap's function is to protect the growing tip of the root.

The cortex serves as a storage area for nutrients as they move from the root hairs into the interior of the root.

The meristem is undifferentiated plant tissue.​

Multiple Choice

What is the difference between the epidermis and the periderm?

• The epidermis is found in the shoot system; the periderm is found in the root system.

• The epidermis contains cork, while the periderm contains a cuticle.

• The epidermis protects against water loss, while the periderm only protects against predators.

• The epidermis has one layer of cells, while the periderm has multiple layers.

​The epidermis is only one cell layer in thickness, while the periderm has multiple cell layers that arise as the plant grows and ages.

​

Both types of tissue are found in the shoot system of the plant.

The periderm contains a layer of phellem (cork tissue) while the epidermis secretes a waxy cuticle layer.

Both types of tissue protect against water loss and potential predators.​

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Multiple Choice

___ are elongated, tubular cells made out of living tissue that transport sugars throughout the plant.

• Sieve elements

• Vessel elements

• Companion cells

• Tracheids

​Sieve elements are living tube-like cells that make up the bulk of the phloem and serve as a vessel to transport sugars throughout the plant.

​

Vessel elements are nonliving tubular cells that are found in the xylem of angiosperms.

Companion cells are living cells found in the phloem, but assist the movement rather than facilitating the movement of sugars themselves.

Tracheids are nonliving cells found in the xylem that play a major role in transporting water from the roots through the rest of the plant.​

Multiple Choice

Which of the two substances act as hardening and thickening agents in sclerenchyma cell walls?

• pectin and fibers

• pectin and lignin

• cellulose and lignin

• cellulose and pectin

​Cellulose and lignin are the two agents working to harden and thicken sclerenchyma cells, making up the bulk of their secondary cell walls.

​

Pectin lends flexible support and structure to collenchyma cells; fibers are a type of sclerenchyma cell.​

​Pectin is found in collenchyma cells; lignin is one of the two hardening and thickening agents in sclerenchyma cells.

While cellulose is a hardening agent in sclerenchyma cells, the combination of cellulose and pectin strengthens the collenchyma cells while giving them flexibility.​

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Multiple Choice

Select the one that is NOT a function of parenchyma cells.

• repair plant tissue damage

• provide storage in the root system

• support vascular bundles within the stems

• harden and strengthen the base of a plant

​Hardening and strengthening the base of the plant is the primary function of the sclerenchyma cells.

​

Parenchyma cells can quickly divide and differentiate to repair tissue damage and regenerate growth.

Parenchyma cells can differentiate and store food and water in both cortex and pith tissue in the root system.

Parenchyma cells are found within vascular tissue and lend structure and support inside the stem.​

Multiple Choice

The type of meristem that gives rise to secondary growth is ___.

• apical meristem

• lateral meristem

• intercalary meristem

• secondary meristem

​Lateral meristem, located in the vascular cambium and cork cambium, provides secondary growth for woody plants.

​

Apical meristem is responsible for primary growth at the roots and shoots.

Intercalary meristem is a type of apical meristem, which gives rise to primary growth.

Secondary meristem is a distractor.​

Multiple Choice

Select the false statement about lateral meristem.

• Lateral meristem produces thickening of the plant base.

• Lateral meristem is only found in woody plants.

• Lateral meristem is found in buds and gives rise to new structures.

• Lateral mersitem can differentiate into

​Apical meristem found at the nodes of the shoot system give rise to new structures.

​

Lateral meristem allows the plant to widen, which thickens the plant base.

Herbaceous plants do not undergo secondary growth through a lateral meristem.

Phellem is one type of cell that is differentiated from lateral meristem.​

Multiple Choice

What characteristic do bryophytes and pteridophytes have in common?

• They reproduce with spores.

• The lack a vascular system.

• They have true root systems.

• They have phloem cells.

​Neither group of plants produces flowers or seeds; instead, they reproduce sexually by releasing spores.

​

​Pteridophytes have a vascular system, while bryophytes do not.

Some bryophytes have root-like rhizoids, but only pteridophytes have a true root system.

Only pteridophytes have phloem cells, an essential part of vascular tissue.​

Multiple Choice

Select the false statement about rhizoids.

• They are found on nonvascular plants.

• They anchor mosses to the ground.

• They absorb water from the soil.

• They are roots.

​Rhizoids are root-like but are not considered true roots.

​

Rhizoids are ​found on bryophytes, a nonvascular plant.

Anchoring mosses to the ground is a primary function of rhizoids.

Rhizoids are important in water absorption for bryophytes.​

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Multiple Choice

___ are seed plants that lack a floral reproductive structure.

• Angiosperms

• Gymnosperms

• Pteridophytes

• Bryophytes

​Gymnosperms are plants that have seeds that are produced by cones, rather than flowers.

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Angiosperms are flowering seed plants.

Pteridophytes are seedless, vascular plants.

Bryophytes reproduce via spores, not seeds.​

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT a feature that distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms?

• Angiosperms produce pollen cells.

• Angiosperms have flowers.

• Angiosperms develop fruit.

• Angiosperms can be herbaceous.

​The male reproductive structures of both species produce pollen.

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Angiosperms have flower structures that the gymnosperms lack.

Angiosperms have ovaries that mature around developing seed, while gymnosperms do not.

Gymnosperms are woody, while angiosperms can be woody or herbaceous.​

Multiple Choice

Select the structure that is found in dicots but not in monocots

• furrows

• cotyledon

• xylem

• vascular cambium

​Dicots can have vascular cambium in their stems, giving rise to secondary growth, while monocots do not have this tissue.

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Monocots have one furrow or pore on the wall of their pollen grains, while dicots have three such openings.

Monocots have one cotyledon in their embryonic state, while dicots have two.

Both monocots and dicots are vascular, meaning that they both have xylem and phloem tissue.

Multiple Choice

The gametophyte is the dominant plant generation in which group of plants?

• dicots

• bryophytes

• angiosperms

• pteridophytes

​The gametophyte of mosses and their relatives are much larger and longer-lived than the sporophyte generation.

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​Dicots have a dominant sporophyte.

The gametophytes of angiosperms are microscopic.

Ferns and fern allies have a dominant sporophyte generation.​

Multiple Choice

Select the correct description of the alteration of generations.

• Sporophytes produce gametes, which then become gametophytes upon fertilization.

• Diploid gametophytes undergo meiosis to create a haploid sporophyte.

• A diploid sporophyte gives rise to a haploid gametophyte,

• Gametes undergo mitosis to create spores.

​Plant life cycles alternate between a diploid sporophyte generation and a haploid gametophyte generation.

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Gametophytes produce gametes, which eventually develop into sporophytes upon fertilization.

Gametophytes are haploid and undergo mitosis to create gametes, which are then released for fertilization.

Gametophytes undergo mitosis to create gametes; sporophytes undergo meiosis to create spores.​

Multiple Choice

___ is the process of a male pollen grain being transferred to a female reproductive structure.

• Fertilization

• Germination

• Pollination

• Conception

​Pollination is the physical movement of pollen to the female cone or pistil.

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Fertilization is a separate process that occurs after a male pollen grain has been transferred to a female reproductive structure.

Germination refers​ to the process of the seed embryo growing into a seedling.

Conception can only occur after pollination and fertilization have occurred.​

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT a type of allochory dispersal?

• dispersal by water

• dispersal by wind

• dispersal by gravity

• dispersal by animals

​Allochory mechanisms depend on a second agent to disperse the plant, such as wind, water, or animals.

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Water, wind, and animal are secondary agents acting to help disperse the seed.​