Soc Sci American Revolution Part 2

​The Revolutionary War, 1775 -83

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​The American Revolution

Odds against American Victory

• British military force was one of the best in the World

  • Powerful​ Royal Navy

  • Standing Army of 48,000

  • Hessian mercenaries

  • Native American allies: Mohawk ​

Vs. the Continental Army led by George Washington of 18,000 inexperienced and poorly trained soldiers

1) NORTH: New England

• Guerilla Warfare​

2) MIDDLE: Atlantic Colonies;

• sieges of NY, NJ; spy network

3) SOUTH: Yorktown, VA

• civil war between loyalists and Americans​

​

Although regional conflict, truly another global conflict involving Native Americans, European, and other powers

Three Stages of War

Multiple Choice

Which groups did not fight for the British during the American Revolution?

• Hessian/German mercenaries

• Loyalists

• Mohawk/Native Americans

• French

Multiple Choice

How many theaters/regions of war were there?

• 3: North, Middle, South

• 2: Ohio Valley and Carribbean

• 2: Europe and the Pacific

• 4:

Multiple Choice

Which best represents the majority of the Continental Army?

• British Defectors

• Trained Soldiers

• French and Spanish mercenaries

• Inexperienced/Untrained recruits

Tensions highest in MA

• British occupied Boston since 1768

• Due to Intolerable Acts, colonists created Massachusetts Provincial Congress​

• Organized local militias to defend against French and Native American attacks; but stockpiled resources preparing for hostilities​

​New England: The Beginnings of War

​SEAL Massachusetts Bay Provincial Congress of Deputies

​Lexington & Concord

Patriot leaders in Boston include John and Sam Adams, John Hancock, Paul Revere; influential merchants in New England

• Aware of British plan, John and Sam Adams devised communication of British troop movement

• Two lanterns in Old North Church steeple

• Paul Revere rides​: ¨The British/Regulars are Coming!¨

¨One if by land, two if by sea¨

• In 1775, Parliament declared MA in a state of Rebellion

• General Thomas Gage determined to seize stockpile of ammunition from militia

State of Rebellion

• Militiamen waited at Lexington Common and met 240 British Soldiers in Lexington

• No one knows who shot first, but shot fireds

• 8 militiamen, one British Soldier dead

• British victory swift, and marched to Concord​

¨Shot Heard Round the World¨ - Ralph Waldo Emerson

• 400 militiamen vs 220 British ¨regulars

• after skirmish, British march back to Boston attacked from trees, fences, ditches etc. ; guerilla tactics

Concord

Multiple Choice

The MA Provincial Congress met in response to:

• Tea Act

• Intolerable Acts

• Native American Raids

• Royal Navy

Fill in the Blank

Citizen Soldiers in colonial militias were known as...

Multiple Choice

Who referred to the confrontation at Lexington Common as the shot heard around the world?

• George Washington

• Paul Revere

• Francis Getty

• Ralph Waldo Emerson

Siege of Boston, Battle of Bunker HIll

• After Lexington & Concord, British retreated to Boston and reinforced their position at Boston;

• Although the colonists occupied the only land pathway to Boston, they did not have a Navy; so British reinforced by sea

• To prevent further reinforcement, Colonel William Prescott and 1,200 militiamen entrenched at Bunker Hill and Breed´s Hill ​

Subject | Subject

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• Major General William Howe, commander of British forces in N. America attacked

• Israel Putnam: don´t fire until, ¨you can see the whites of their eyes.¨

• Although an American loss, the battle showcased that the smaller, inexperienced force could challenge the British militiary might​: 226 killed/800 wounded British

• Leads to King George, Proclamation of Rebellion; a true foreign war

• Continental Army is created, lead by George Washington ​

​Battle inspired colonists; ¨rage militaire¨ enthusiasm for Patriot cause; siege of Boston lasted until March 1776

Bunker Hill

• American Legend of Henry Knox

• transported sixty tons of artillery -weapons, cannons by oxen - over three hundred miles in swamp and snow

• reinforced Boston and General Washington forcing British to end siege

Henry Knox becomes first Sect of War under Washington 1794​

Henry Knox - Delivers Boston​

Multiple Choice

Who lead the American occupation of Bunker Hill?

• Nathaneal Greene

• Thomas Collins

• Henry Knox

• William Prescott

Multiple Choice

Who lead the British at Bunker Hill?

• John Burgoyne

• Henry Clinton

• William Howe

• Robert Boyd

Multiple Choice

After Bunker Hill, King George III declared _____, which official declared war in N. America

• Proclamation of Peace

• Intolerable Acts

• Proclamation of Rebellion

• Order of Loyalty

Fill in the Blank

____ ______ was appointed leader of the Continental Army after the Proclamation of Rebellion

Multiple Choice

Henry Knox is iconic for helping Americans during the siege of Boston. What did he do?

• delivered cannons and other supplies through snow and mud

• created a catapult to attack British

• manufactured weaponry

• donated delicious, nutritious oxen meat to the militias

​Mid-Atlantic: Stalemate

• General Howe, after retreating to Halifax, Nova Scotia from Boston devised a new strategy to isolate New England -- rebellious NE--from the rest of the colonies

• June 1776, Howe​ sailed to New York, Staten Island and offered peace

• When colonists rejected, Howe attacked Long Island August 1776

• Many historians believe Howe could have encircled and forced American surrender - but didn´t

• Washington adopted strategy of defense through fall and winter and retreat inland forcing British to extend their supply lines from Long Island

Columbia student Alexander Hamilton, inspired by victories in NE joined New York militia; during siege of NY, was so impressive to Washington, Hamilton was asked to be aide to the General

• ​British custom; no campaigns in winter

• With morale low, Washington devised plan to attack Hessians at Trenton, NJ

• Christmas Night 1776, Washington and 2,400 troops crossed a perilous--icy Delaware River--marched 9 miles and surprised a probably hungover group of Hessians​

leads to boosted morale and re-enlistments​

Battle of Trenton

Washington Crossing the Delaware 1851

Emanuel Leutze German American

​Battle of Saratoga

Benedict Arnold, hero of Saratoga​ is injured and wounded; but becomes legend

• Howe did not meet up with Burgoyne and abandoned his 7,000 troops in New York

• Skirmishes and battles ensued until Burgoyne was surrounded at Saratoga New York ​

• Inspires French to join the American cause​

Miscommunication

• General Howe in response to Trenton wanted to retaliate and take Philadelphia: home of the Continental Congress and de facto capital

• General Burgoyne in Canadian territories and General Howe intended to rendevous then march on Philly

Multiple Choice

IN the second phase of the Revolutionary War, the British strategy was to...

• Isolate New England from the rest of the colonies

• attack Southern industry

• disrupt Massachusetts militia

• extend the war as long as possible

Multiple Choice

After the Staten Island Peace conference, George Washington´s strategy involved

• offensive; isolating New England colonies

• depleting food sources

• secret traveling only on coastal highways

• defense; extending British supply lines

Multiple Choice

On Christmas Night, 1776, Washington and 2,400 troops crossed which river?

• Delaware

• York

• Mississippi

• Potomac

Multiple Choice

The Battle of Trenton, targeting Hessian mercenaries, was a strategy focused on

• overwhelming force

• surprise attack

• destroying bridges and pathways

• moving to a higher vantage point

Multiple Choice

Alexander Hamilton lead forces where?

• Pennsylvania

• New York

• Boston

• Rhode Island

Multiple Choice

Rather than meeting General Burgoyne´s troops, General Howe instead lead his troops to which city, home of the American Continental Congress

• Philadelphia, PA

• Washington D.C.

• Trenton New Jersey

• Richmond VA

Multiple Choice

Battle of Saratoga was significant because

• It inspired moral

• It influenced foreign involvement

• It showed how dumb the British could be

• It showed that Washington knew what he was doing afterall

• Despite losses in Saratoga, General Howe marched on Philly

• British easily defeat Americans at Brandywine and occupy Philly

• Forces Continental Congress to flee Philadelphia

• Philly becomes aristocratic social world for British officers and Loyalists

• After British retreat in 1778, Benedict Arnold appointed military general of Philly, marries Peggy Shippen - loyalist artistocrat

War in PA, 1778

• Howe could have chased down and captured American forces but did not

• Continental Army retreats to woods of Valley Forge

• Prior to Brandywine, French a​ristocrat Marquis de Lafayette joins cause

Battle at Brandywine

• 1777-78; low point of Revolution

• historians argue turning point of revolution as ​continental army becomes: sick, unpaid, starved​

• calls to replace General Washington​

• Baron Friedrich von Steuben famously drills the army into shape over winter​; professionalizes army and inspires moral

​Valley Forge

Multiple Choice

The British defeat Washington on September 11, 1778 at

• Valley Forge

• New York

• Brandywine

• Trenton

Multiple Choice

For the winter of 1777-1778, The British army withdrew to_____ and the continental army withdrew to ______

• Philadelphia/Valley Forge

• New York/New Jersey

• Bunker Hill/Beeker Hill

• Carolinas/Savannah

Multiple Choice

During the Winter at Valle Forge, some believed Washington should be replaced by who

• Benedict Arnold

• Horatio Gates

• Von Steuben

• Israel Putnam

Multiple Choice

Who is credited with organizing and professionalizing the the Continental Army at Valley Forge

• George Washington

• Baron Friedrich von Steuben

• Horatio Gates

• Benedict Arnold

-France believed peace b/t Britain and America was bad; wanted weak Britain and be primary trade partner with colonies and keep American expansion away from West Indies

-​1778: Treaty of Amity and Commerce; established trade

-Treaty of Alliance; French support of American Independence; no peace b/t Britain

-Ben Franklin, beloved by French, secures relationship with French aristocracy

France

-loaned $$ to Continental Army, smuggled goods in New Orleans, used Cuba as port of call

-1779 join war as ally of France, therefore America

-Fought British on Western Frontier; Battle of Saint Louis repelled British ​and Native American forces from taking Mississippi River

​

Spain

-​Dutch Republic helped American merchants by circumventing Navigation Acts; smuggled goods to Caribbean

-Go to War with Britain 1780, diverting resources ​

-1782, recognize the United States as independent nation​

-loan money to United States​; John Adams negotiated

​Netherlands

​Foreign Alliances join the cause

Multiple Choice

What most inspired the French to aid the American Revolution?

• Weaken Britain

• more territory

• goods from America

• support for Democracy

Multiple Choice

The Carlisle Peace Commision offered America what?

• land west of Mississippi

• home rule within British Empire

• complete independence

• monetary sum

Multiple Choice

Charles Gravier wanted which country to be America´s primary trade partner?

• England

• France

• Spain

• Dutch Republic

Multiple Choice

The 1778 Treat of Alliance and Treaty of Amity and Commerce was between who?

• America and Spain

• America and France

• America and England

• America and Netherlands

Multiple Choice

Spanish were motivated to help the United States because

• They wanted to increase trade in Cuba

• Secure land west of Mississippi

• Were allies with France

• Hated Britain

Multiple Choice

The Spanish helped repel British and Native Americans at the battle of ____ ____ which prevented Britain from controlling the Mississippi River

• Yorktown

• Saint Louis

• Savannah

• Bunker Hill

Multiple Choice

Dutch merchants had helped American colonists avoid

• Intolerable Acts

• Tea Act

• Navigation Acts

• Townshend Acts

Multiple Choice

The second European country to recognize American Independence was?

• Spain

• France

• Dutch Republic

• England

​The Southern Strategy

• ​With limited success in New England, and Middle colonies, British focused attention on the South for a few reasons

  • France joined the War

  • Civil War; British felt many were loyal to King in South

  • The South were more profitable with Tobacco, etc.

  • Slaves in the South meant an opportunity to disrupt social/economic systems

• Larger proportion of slaves in South, American colonists feared slave insurrection

• Lord Dunmore Proclamation 1775: Royal Governor of VA offered freedom to slaves who were loyal to British;

• General Clinton extended offer with Philipsbourg Proclamation 1779 - over 5 thousand slaves from GA and thousands more fled for British Freedom

American colonists including George Washington did not want slaves fighting in continental army; only after insufficient enlistment did leaders welcome slave population to the cause

-1779 British implement ¨Southern Strategy; invade GA

-French naval and American ground forces challenge British invasion force

-Savannah occupied by British 1779 - 1783​

-heavy French and American casualties​

​​Siege of Savannah

​

-1780 American General Benjamin Lincoln after Savannah retreated to Charleston, SC

-African Americans flee to British side​; Philipsbourg Proclamation

-General Clinton and Cornwallis forced surrender of Charleston

-Continental Army defeated in South​; lead to militia usage

​​Carolinas

-1780, Cornwallis marches on North Carolina

​

-British recruits loyalist militia

​

-American militias engage in Guerilla tactics force surrender

​

-heavy cost of lives/resources​

​

​​King´s Mountain

​

-1781​, Complaints of heavy cost of war resonate in England

-Battle of Guilford Courthouse sees 30% loss of British forces

-​In a move of deception, Washington and Rochambeau bait Cornwallis to relocate to York River

-French Ships and American ground forces force surrender ​at Yorktown, VA

​​Yorktown

​Battle of Yorktown Aftermath

• Support for the war in England dwindled after Yorktown; costly and unpopular

• ​1782, Parliament forbids any military offensives in N. America; effectively ending the war

• Yorktown last major military engagement of revolution

• Last two years of war see smaller skirmishes and engagements, primarily in the west ​

Battle of Combahee River 1782 - British scavengers and American militia fight

Gnadenhutten Massacre 1782 ; PA militiamen raid and kill 96 Natives in Ohio​; retaliation; British and Native allies capture and execute Crawford expedition

Multiple Choice

What major event forced the British to change strategies to the South?

• Dutch Anglo War 1780

• France enters the War 1778

• Benedict Arnold defects

• formation of continental Navy

Multiple Choice

Lord Dunmore´s proclamation, and later the Philipsbourg Proclomation granted what to those enslaved?

• freedom to enslaved persons if loyal to Britain

• money in exchange for fighting

• work in Loyalist plantation

• education

Multiple Choice

Who replaced General Howe in 1778

• Charles Cornwallis

• Thomas Gage

• Nathaneal Green

• Henry Clinton

Multiple Choice

British Major Patrick Ferguson recruited loyalist militia to protect Cornwallis´ left flank as he marched to North Carolina. Patriot militia engaged with the loyalists at what battle?

• Bunker Hill

• King´s Mountain

• Yorktown

• Carolinas

Multiple Choice

What state did Cornwallis insist British forces should control to ensure victory?

• Mississippi

• New York

• Virginia

• Georgia

Multiple Choice

Who led the American forces/French naval forces at Yorktown?

• Greene/Lafayette

• Washington/Rochambeau

• Greene/Washington

• Laurens/Pickett

Treaty of Paris 1783

• John Adams, John Jay, Ben Franklin, and Henry Laurens represent American interests abroad ​

• A lot of negotiating between France, England, United States​

  • First Draft November, 1782

  • Signed September, 1783

  • Ratified by US Congress 1784​

• ​Britain gave preferable treatment to colonies as potential trade partners; gave Ohio territory; area east of Mississippi River

Treaty of Paris, by Benjamin West (1783), depicts the American delegation at the Treaty of Paris (left to right): John Jay, John

Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and William Temple Franklin. The British delegation refused to pose, and the

painting was never completed.

France wanted to limit US expansion, so John Jay negotiated with British directly​; undercutting French Treat of Alliance

Multiple Choice

Who was not part of the peace delegation at the end of the Revolutionary War?

• Adams

• Jay

• Franklin

• Laurens

• Jefferson

Multiple Choice

Why were the British lenient in their territorial concessions to America?

• Wanted to be commercial partner

• Afraid of reprisals

• Parliament secretly received bribes

• British wanted to earn American trust