Chesapeake Colonies Notes

Multiple Choice

What is another name for the "Church of England"?

• Catholic Church
• Baptist Church
• Lutheran Church
• Anglican Church

Multiple Choice

Maryland started out as a religious haven for:

• Quakers
• English Catholics
• Jewish Settlers
• English Protestants

​The Chesapeake Colonies

By C. Beavers

Multiple Select

Which colonies will we find in the Chesapeake region?

• Virginia

• Jamestown

• Maryland

• North Carolina

• Pennsylvania

Hotspot

Where is the Chesapeake Bay?

Hotspot

Where is the Chesapeake Bay?

Hotspot

Where was Jamestown located?

Hotspot

Where was St. Mary's (of the Maryland colony) located?

Hotspot

Where modern-day Baltimore (Maryland) located?

Hotspot

Where modern-day Washington DC located?

Multiple Choice

Which English monarch tried to bring England into the colonial race to compete in earnest with France and Spain?

The first colony is named after her nickname.

• Elizabeth II

• Elizabeth I

• James I

• Charles II

Multiple Choice

Which English monarch was ruling when Maryland was planted?

It was named after his Catholic wife.

• King James II

• King Charles I
• King James I

• Queen Elizabeth I

Types of colonies

Royal

• Colony is formed by the king

• Crown has total, direct control of colony

• Eventually all colonies became royal, prior to Revolution

Types of colonies

Proprietary

1. Crown has indirect rule

2. Colony governed/owned by a proprietor, usually a royal relative or favorite

Types of colonies

Charter

1. Run like a business, by a private, profit-seeking company (joint-stock company)

2. Virginia Company, Mass. Bay Company

3. Limited liability—corporation (explain)

Match

Match the following.

• direct monarch control of colony

• wealthy family (often noble) controls/owns the colony

• colony run like a business by a business

Royal Colony

Proprietary Colony

Charter Colony

• Royal Colony

• Proprietary Colony

• Charter Colony

Match

Match the following.

• Dominion of New England, when Charles II and James II took total control of New England colonies

• Maryland as run by the Lords Baltimore (Catholic)

• Jamestown, as run by the Virginia Company

Royal Colony

Proprietary Colony

Charter Colony

• Royal Colony

• Proprietary Colony

• Charter Colony

Jamestown/Virginia Colony

Forces pushing toward English colonization

1. Defeat of Spanish Armada

2. Strengthened royal power under Elizabeth

3. Mercantilist competition 

4. Surplus population—need for population release

Jamestown/Virginia Colony

Enclosure movement

• In England, prior to 1600s, there were public fields open for peasants to allow their livestock to pasture

• Starting in 1500s, and gaining in momentum by early 1600s, a movement began to enclose these public fields with fences

• Essentially, privatize the fields

• Peasants, since they had little-to-no land of their own, had nowhere to keep their livestock

• Starvation and subsequent peasant rebellions occurred; also, landless peasants began to drift, became vagrants

• There was a need to find a home for this vagabonds; colonization fit nicely

Jamestown/Virginia Colony

2nd and 3rd sons of nobles

• First son inherits everything

• What to do with younger sons?

• Send them into ministry or find adventure/wealth on high seas

Jamestown/Virginia Colony

British East India Company explored the African and Indian coast

Multiple Choice

This image is related to which "factor that pushed England towards colonization"?

• defeat of the Spanish Armada

• 2nd and 3rd sons of nobles wanting adventure

• Enclosure Movement (note the image says 1700s...it was starting in the 1600s too)

• French Revolution

Multiple Choice

How did the enclosure movement lead to a greater demand in England for New World colony plantations?

• a need to find a place for those who were displaced by the privatization of public grazing lands

• it led to greater competition with the Spanish Armada

• it decreased the number of vagrants wandering the countryside

Virginia Company

Founded in 1606

1. One based in Plymouth, one based in London

   • First Plymouth colony floundered in 1607

   • London Company sent settlers to Chesapeake…barely escaped failure

2. First permanent English North American colony of established at Jamestown

2. Type of colony

   1. At first, charter colony

   2. The charter granted the colonists the “rights of Englishmen”

   3. Charter bound the settlers to Britain 

   4. Thereafter, English colonists in North America demand the rights they feel they deserve for being subjects of the English crown 

Hotspot

The Virginia Colony Charter of 1606 is shown, in part.

Which section deals most directly with the "rights of Englishmen" that colony members would be able to enjoy?

1. Little success at first

2. Sons of nobles did not want to perform manual labor; wanted to find gold and get rich quick

3. Discipline and therefore food supply declined

4. Many died because they did not want to work or knew nothing of agriculture

John Smith and starving time

Virginia: Elizabeth I;
Jamestown: James I

Named after:

Founded: 1607

John Smith

A leader of the colonists

• Took over in 1608

• “no work, no food” policy

• Still, cold winter of 1609-1610 led to starvation

• Smith instigated conflicts with local Indians led by Powhatan in order to get food

• After being captured, Smith let go, given food for Jamestown to remind colonists who the stronger force was (Pocahontas legend) 

• Dependant on foodstuffs from England (Lord De La Warr) 

the Disney movie Pocahontas was historically inaccurate on MANY details

​John Smith

*Tobacco as a cash crop

1. A stinking weed saved the Jamestown colony

2. John Rolfe, the later husband of Pocahontas, cultivated the first smokable tobacco in 1612

3. Its exports to England brought in money to the colony

​“Smoking is a custom loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs, and in the black, stinking fume thereof nearest resembling the horrible Stygian [hellish] smoke of the pit that is bottomless.”

​James I on tobacco:

1. James I called it a “seminary of sedition” 

   • revoked the colony charter in 1624, making Jamestown a royal colony

   • Virginia Company was bankrupt

   • However, House of Burgesses remained until the Revolution

2. Only a part of the legislature—an upper house called Governor’s Council were appointed

1. Established in 1619 as a representative assembly 

2. Represented the freemen of the Jamestown area 

3. First elected colonial legislature; allowed by the Virginia Company

*Virginia House of Burgesses

• The bulk of forced labor in Virginia up to 1676

• Usually white, single males in the Chesapeake area

• Served 2-7 year contracts

• Get free passage to Virginia, land and some tools upon completion of contract

• Often worked to death though

• Usually ended up as poor wretches

Indentures

• Ironically, in the same year as House of Burgesses founded, black Africans were first brought to Jamestown (to Burgesses building)

• Their status is questionable, however

• They were not property as much as quasi-indentures 

• Some blacks got freedom and actually owned their own slaves, able to vote and attend church

Slaves

Slaves or indentured servants?

Elevated status of women?

1. Many women would have their pick of suitors, as usually outnumbered

2. Elevated their status in Chesapeake…highly prized 

Multiple Choice

Is the Church of England Catholic or Protestant?

• Orthodox
• Protestant

Multiple Choice

What is another name for the Church of England?

• Catholic Church
• Lutheran Church
• Baptist Church
• Anglican Church

*County court and Anglican church systems

1. Local court officials, and therefore some tax rates and public projects, usually chosen by governor, not people

2. Anglican church, though usually hierarchical, were usually run by vestrymen who were elected

3. Anglican Church supported by taxpayer money, like in England

4. Required church attendance 

5. Few Anglican ministers come over; largely self-governing congregations

Low, due to spread out plantations and disease

Population density of Chesapeake region? Why?

1. Usually Chesapeake had few families

2. Composed to single men, most often

Types of families, households?

Miscellaneous

1. Higher death rates than in New England

2. Died from malaria and other diseases, starvation, overwork

Death rates?

1. Too few workers coming over to work the land

2. Therefore, Virginia Company offered 50 acres of extra land per every indenture that a settler paid to have shipped to Chesapeake

Headright system of Chesapeake region

Miscellaneous

Trouble with Indians

1. Powhatan—leader of a loose confederacy of Indians

2. *First Powhatan War—lasting from 1614-1616, atrocities were committed on both sides; Virginians had to fight own battles, not rely on English; ended when Rolfe married Pocahontas

3. *Second Powhatan War—1622-32; last effort of Natives to dislodge English; settlement leaders used dirty tactics learned when fighting the Irish in order to win (Smith: “destroy them by all means possible”)

*Bacon’s Rebellion

1. Year: 1676

2. Causes: 

   • Indian raids on white backcountry settlers; Governor William Berkeley, a tidewater elite, refused to protect the white rabble

3. Prominent names: 

   • Nathaniel Bacon, William Berkeley 

4. Groups involved? 

   • Indians v. former indentures/squatters and some blacks v. tidewater elites

5. What? 

   • Bacon led 300 men against the Indians, 

   • Asked for, and received, permission to renew attacks on Indians and recruit Jamestown men

   • Recalled by Berkeley, so Bacon marched on Jamestown 

   • Berkeley fled after his forces defeated

6. Success?

   • Would have been total, but Bacon died of dysentery 

   • Rebellion fizzled thereafter

7. Effects

   • Revealed a society in social strains

     1. Tidewater v. backcountry

     2. Rich v. poor 

   • Slavery—can’t trust indentures any more, especially after their freedom; therefore, reliance on more docile (?) African slavery increased after Bacon’s Rebellion

   • Zinn and middle class buffer zone 

Draw

Thinking of Bacon's Rebellion, what would the "caste system" have been in Jamestown prior to the revolt?

Which group held the power?

Which two groups would be at the bottom?

Which group would have been in the middle?

Where would Bacon have been on this pyramid?

Match

Match the following

• the first elected legislature/assembly of the English New World; definite example of self-government

• Bacon's Rebellion forced Jamestown settlers to start looking toward these people as their source of labor

• the bulk of the Jamestown population was composed of this group of poor whites

• example of English vs. Native American conflicts

• a policy created by the Virginia Company to encourage settlement in the Jamestown colony; 50 free acres of land for every indentured servant you pay to ship to Jamestown

Virginia House of Burgesses

African slaves

indentured servants

Powhatan Wars

headright system

• Virginia House of Burgesses

• African slaves

• indentured servants

• Powhatan Wars

• headright system

Maryland—also in Chesapeake region

1. Type of colony?

   1. Proprietary 

2. Founded: 1634

3. Prominent family?

   1. Lord Baltimore

   2. Calvert family

   3. Catholic family establishing a Catholic refuge 

4. Named after

   1. Queen Mary I

5. Amount of power given to proprietor?

   1. Total within his own land 

6. Feudalism?

   1. Essentially lord with serfs working manor 

   2. Calvert had privilege of creating a local nobility

Maryland—also in Chesapeake region

1. Religious affiliation of Maryland settlers?

   1. Catholic (at first) 

2. *Act of Religious Toleration (1649), signed by Governor Stone, said:

   1. Religious toleration of Catholics and Protestants

   2. To protect whom? 

      • Catholics (act passed by the elected assembly, which by this time had a Protestant majority due to immigration) 

   3. Non-Christians? 

      • NO!

   4. Separate church and state? 

      • Not today’s version, but simply a toleration among different groups; still desired God at center of political life 

   5. *1654—rebellion

      1. Protestant majority barred Catholics from voting, ousted Governor Stone, repealed Toleration Act, fought against Stone in battle and won

   6. Baltimores resumed rule in 1658, but religious tensions continued 

Drag and Drop

From the APUSH Course and Exam Description by the College Board:



The Chesapeake...colonies grew prosperous exporting ​

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—a labor intensive product initially cultivated by ​

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, mostly ​

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indentured ​

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and later by enslaved ​

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.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

tobacco

white

male

Africans

servants

Multiple Choice

By 1649, which religious group was the majority in Maryland?

• Catholics
• Protestants

Multiple Choice

the Maryland Act of Religious Toleration of 1649 was meant to provide legal protections for Maryland's:

• Protestant majority

• Catholic minority

Multiple Choice

Maryland's proprietor was named:

• John Rolfe

• Lord de la Warre

• William Penn
• the Lord Baltimore

Multiple Choice

This event in Jamestown history marked the switch from reliance on white indentured labor to reliance on African slave labor

• Bacon's Rebellion

• The signing of the Mayflower Compact in 1620
• The establishment of the House of Burgesses in 1619

Multiple Choice

This conflict showed the Jamestown settlers that England would not come across the ocean to fight all their battles for them/rescue them:

• First Powhatan War

• Pequot War

Multiple Choice

the major changes over time that THIS CONFLICT represented =

using harsh tactics against Native Americans that Elizabeth had used on the Irish

and

Natives last (losing) attempt to dislodge the English

• Seven Years War

• Second Powhatan War