Earth History Study guide review

Unit 3 ​

REVIEW

POWERPOINT

​On your study guide work on the following sections to be filled in:

​* Rocks

* Continental Drift

* Boundaries​

​

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TYPES OF
ROCKS

Most fossils are
found in
Sedimentary Rocks!

​On your study guide work on the following sections to be filled in:

​* Rocks

* Continental Drift

* Boundaries​

​

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WHY DO
PLATES MOVE?

•The magma shows convection
currents thatpushes up at the
mid-ocean ridge which move the
tectonic plates

EVIDENCE OF
CONTINENTAL
DRIFT

• Continental Drift: the gradual movement of the

continents across the earth's surface through
geological time.

-Proposed by Alfred Wegner
-Believed there was a
supercontinent called Pangea

THREE
TYPES OF
TECTONIC
PLATES

•Divergent Boundaries- two plates move away
from each other ( create sea floor)

•Transform Boundaries- Two plates move past
each other horizontally (faults and earthquakes)

•Convergent Boundaries- Two plates collide
(Create mountains and volcanoes)

Types of Plate
Boundaries

Multiple Choice

formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

• igneous rock

• metamorphic rock

• The Rock

• minerals

Multiple Choice

the action or process of forcing a body of igneous rock between or through existing formations, without reaching the surface

• intrusion

• obstruction

• relative age

• rock layer

Multiple Choice

Fossil remains of a trilobite are most likely to be found in which type of rock?

• igneous

• volcanic

• sedimentary

• metamorphic

Multiple Choice

The single land mass that existed about 245 million years ago is named what?

• Fossil

• Pangea

• Bob

• Tectonic plates

Multiple Choice

At divergent boundaries, tectonic plates...

• slide horizontally past each other in opposite directions

• move away from each other

• move toward each other

• None of the above.

Multiple Choice

Earthquakes are common at ________ boundaries.

• transform

• convergent

• divergent

Multiple Choice

Name this boundary

• Convergent

• Divergent

• Transform

• Sergent

Multiple Choice

What are the three types of Evidence that supports Alfred Wegener's Theory? 

• Fossils, Fish, and Land

• Sedimentary, Magma, and Climate

• Fossils, Land forms, and Climate

• Climate, Land forms, and Metamorphic rock 

​On your study guide work on the following sections to be filled in:

​* Fossils

* Artifacts: Ice cores and Tree Rings

​

​

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What is a fossil?

• Fossils give clues about organisms that lived

long ago. They help to show that evolution has
occurred.

• Fossils show us how Earth’s surface has

changed over time.

• Fossils help scientists understand past

environment and climate changes may have
occured

• A fossil is the preserved remains of a

once-living organism.

What do fossils tell us?

MOLDS AND CASTS

• A mold visible shape imprint that is

left in a rock after an animal decays.

• The hard parts completely dissolve

over time, leaving behind a hollow
area with the organism’s shape.

MOLD FOSSIL

This mold, or imprint, is of
an extinct mollusk called

an ammonite.

• A cast solid model of an organism.

• Water with dissolved minerals and

sediment fills the mold’s empty
spaces.

• Minerals and sediment that are left

in the mold make a cast.

• A cast is the opposite of its mold.

CAST FOSSIL

This ammonite cast was
discovered in the United

Kingdom.

• The word “petrified” means

“turning into stone.”

• Petrified fossils form when

minerals replace all or part of an
organism.

• Water is full of dissolved

minerals. It seeps through the
layers of sediment to reach the
dead organism. When the water
evaporates, only the hardened
minerals are left behind.

PETRIFIED WOOD

Fossilized remains of a piece of wood

Preserved original remains of fossils like skin, hair and organs.

PRESERVED REMAINS

Amber
An organism,
such as an insect,
is trapped in a
tree’s sticky resin
and dies. More
resin covers it,
sealing the insect
inside. It hardens
into amber.

Tar
An organism,
such as a
mammoth, is
trapped in a tar pit
and dies. The tar
soaks into its
bones and stops
the bones from
decaying.

Ice
An organism,
such as a woolly
mammoth, dies in
a very cold
region. Its body is
frozen in ice,
which preserves
the
organism—even
its hair!

ICE CORES

●Is a sample of ice layers that show changes in earth’s Atmosphere

●Like a fossil, provides evidence of earth’s past.

• Volcanic ashes

• Oxygen levels

• CO2 levels

• Pollen

WHY ARE SOME MARINE FOSSILS ON
TOPS OF MOUNTAIN??

Multiple Choice

Ice core

• A long cylinder of ice obtained from drilling through ice caps used to study past climates and atmospheres

• broken ice chips that are best used to cool grape soda

• atoms that don't move and remain electrons when exposed to nuclear physical changes

• a lot of reading. Did you read this one too? Good, cause the answer is all about climates and atmosphere

Multiple Choice

Ice cores are most useful for determining 

• the atmospheric composition of the past

• the number of species alive in the pas

Multiple Choice

What type of fossil is an imprint in a rock?

• cast 

• trace 

• mold

• whole/part 

Multiple Choice

Fossilized rock in the shape of dinosaur bones are which type of fossil?

• real bone

• mold fossil

• cast fossil

• trace fossil

Multiple Choice

This type of fossil forms when sediments bury an organism and then sediments change into rock; the organism decays leaving a cavity in the shape of the organism.

• mold

• cast

• petrified

• trace

Multiple Choice

This type of fossil forms when the mud or sand hardens to stone where a footprint, trail, or burrow of an organism was left behind. 

• carbonized or carbon film

• trace

• permineralized or petrified

• mold

Multiple Choice

Most fossils form when living things?

• die

• get buried

• rot

• die/buried by sediment

Multiple Choice

Remains can be preserved by?

• changing over time

• staying the same

• tar, amber, ice

• freezing only

Multiple Choice

Finding marine animal fossils in the mountains shows what?

• that people carried fossils up the mountain

• this is not possible so it shows nothing

• that the mountains were once under water

• that marine animals once walked on land

​On your study guide work on the following sections to be filled in:

​* Relative Age

* Absolute Age

​

​

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RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE AGES

►Relative Ageage of a rock layer compared

to other layers or fossils.

► Ex. Mrs. Herrscher is older than her sister and

brother.

►Absolute Age The age of a rock given as

the number of years since the rock formed.

► Ex. Mrs. Herrscher is 33 years old.

*It may be impossible to know a rock’s absolute
age exactly, so geologists often use both absolute
and relative ages.

I am

relatively

tall!

My birthday is
June 8th, 1782

USING INDEX FOSSILS TO DATE ROCKS

Certain fossils, called Index Fossils help determine the relative age of rock
layers.

Index fossils must have live a short amount of time, be relatively abundant
and be widespread over an area

INDEX FOSSILS – Fossils of widely distributed organisms that lived
during only one short period.

• Trilobites: hard shelled animals whose bodies had three distinct parts

–They became extinct about 245 million years ago.

RELATIVE AGE

LAW OF SUPERPOSITION: in horizontal

sedimentary rock layers, the oldest layer is at the
bottom. Each higher layer is younger than the
layers below it.

ROCK DISTURBANCES

Tilting Folding

Faults Intrusion

FAULTS- A BREAK IN THE
ROCKS DUE TO MOVEMENT

•Dip Slip Fault- two pieces of land change their vertical
position to one another

•Strike Slip Fault- two pieces of
land move horizontally

ABSOLUTE DATING

–Absolute dating can give

you the exact age of a
rock

–This is accomplished

using radioactive dating.

–Based on the regular

radioactive decay of
certain elements

RADIOACTIVE DATING

► Looks at how much radioactive decay has occurred in an

object to determine age.

► Radioactive decay happens constant rate and is

measure by the elements half life

3 TYPES OF ELEMENT USED FOR RADIOMETRIC
DATING

• Carbon 14: used for wood, bones,

shells, and organic remains

(half life 5,730 years)

• Potassium-Argon: used to date

volcanic rocks

(half life: 1.3 billion years)

• Uranium-Lead: used to date igneous

rock and was used to find the age
of the Earth

(half life: 245, 000 years)

Multiple Choice

the action or process of forcing a body of igneous rock between or through existing formations, without reaching the surface

• intrusion

• obstruction

• relative age

• rock layer

Multiple Choice

states that younger rock is found above older rock when comparing undisturbed sedimentary rock layers

• law of superposition

• trace fossil

• matter can't be created or destroyed

• atoms

Multiple Choice

A technique used to determine the actual age of a fossil

• relative dating

• absolute dating or radioactive dating

• rock layers

• index fossils

Multiple Choice

Which best describes a fossil that helps determine the relative age of a rock layer?

• trace fossil

• index fossil

• radioactive fossil

• unconformity fossil

Multiple Choice

Which characteristic of carbon-14 dating helps scientists determine the approximate time a species became extinct?

• Carbon-14 is not present in more recent fossils

• Carbon-14 increases at a constant rate over time

• Carbon-14 decreases at a constant rate over time

• Carbon-14 can only be found in fossils of a certain period

Multiple Choice

Which method provides the most accurate age of a rock sample?

• superposition

• relative dating

• radioactive dating

• index fossil identification

Multiple Choice

Which statement best describes the Law of Superposition?

• Each sedimentary layer of rock represents 1,000 years of Earth's age, much like the rings of a tree.

• In undisturbed layers of sedimentary rocks, the upper rock layers are older than the lower rock layers.

• In undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock, the lowest layers contain the older rocks.

• Rocks that form near volcanoes are older than surrounding rock.

Multiple Choice

The half-life Carbon-14 is 5,730 years. How much parent material is left after 5,730 years?

• 75%

• 50%

​On your study guide work on the following sections to be filled in:

​* Geologic Time Scale

​

​

​

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WHAT IS THE EARTH’S TIME SCALE?

•The Geological time scale is a record of the life forms and
geological events in Earth’s history.

•Scientists developed the time scale by studying rock layers and
fossils world wide.

•Radioactive dating helped determine the absolute divisions in the
time scale.

Multiple Choice

Which era is known as the "age of reptiles"

• Paleozoic Era

• Cenozoic Era

• Mesozoic Era

• Precambrian Era

Multiple Choice

The Era when humans first appeared was...

• Cenozoic

• Mesozoic

• Paleozoic

• Precambrian

Multiple Choice

The time span that lasted the longest was the...

• Precambrian

• Paleozoic

• Mesozoic

• Cenozoic

Multiple Choice

Which era is known as the "age of mammals"

• Cenozoic Era

• Precambrian Era

• Paleozoic Era

• Mesozoic Era

Multiple Choice

When did the Precambrian era begin

• 66 mya

• 4.6 bya

• 540 mya

• 245 mya

Multiple Choice

During which era did the earliest dinosaurs appear?

• Cenozoic

• Paleozoic

• Mesozoic

• Precambrian

Multiple Choice

How old do Paleontologists believe the Earth is?

• 2015 years old

• 3.6 billion years old

• 4.6 billion years old

• 4.6 million years old

Multiple Choice

Paleozoic, Mesozoic & Cenozoic are all

• Epochs

• Eras

• Periods

• Eons

Multiple Choice

The Geologic Time Scale is a record of what?

• old geologists

• sweet geology music

• the known history of rocks and fossils

• a list of every living thing ever

Multiple Choice

Name the 4 time frames in order from oldest to youngest.

• Precambrian Time, Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era, Cenozoic Era

• Mesozoic Era, Precambrian time, Cenozoic Era, Paleozoic Era

• Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era, Precambrian Time, Cenozoic

​On your study guide work on the following sections to be filled in:

​* Natural Selection

* Charles Darwin

* Evolution​

​

​

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CHARLES DARWIN

• Was an English Naturalist who Developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Darwin collected most of his data during a voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle when

it stopped at the Galapagos Islands.

• On the Galapagos Islands, Darwin observed somewhat similar species,

with traits suited to their particular environment.

One of the adaptations that Darwin observed was of differences in the

beak shape of finches (birds).

Evolution

Process by which organisms change
over time

- slow process

- Organisms change

in response to their

environment

Natural selection

● Process by which organisms with the

correct adaptations are able
(“selected”) to survive

4 principles of NATURAL SELECTION:

1) Overproduction

● When species produce more

offspring than can survive.

A fish may lay
hundreds of eggs but
only a few survive to
adulthood and
reproduce

2) Variation

● The individuals of a population have many

characteristics that differ.

● Why is this good?

● If the environment changes, some might be

able to survive

A mutation might
cause a slight curve
in the fish’s tail.

3) Adaptation

● The traits of those individuals that

survive and reproduce will become
common in a population

The fish with the curved tail
is able to swim more
quickly and so it escapes
predators. It will also be
able to reproduce.

4) Selection

Some individuals survive longer and

reproduce more than others

-They are “selected” to be successful

in their environment

With each generation, more
fish with a curved tail
survive to reproduce. Over
time they make up a large
part of the group.

Multiple Choice

What is the process in which humans breed organisms for certain traits?

• natural selection

• inheritance

• artificial selection

• descent withOUT modification

Multiple Choice

The gradual change in species over time is...

• Evolution

• Nucleotide 

• Adaptation

• Natural Selection

Multiple Choice

Which term refers to the process by which individuals that are better suited to the environment survive and reproduce therefore passing down their genes to their offspring? 

• Evolution 

• Variation 

• Adaptation

• Natural Selection 

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT an example of natural selection? 

• People selectively breeding hamsters.
• Insect populations developing resistance to certain pesticides.
• Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics.
• Male birds of certain species developing colorful feathers to attract female mates.

Multiple Select

SELECT ALL of the principles of natural selection below.

• Overproduction

• Selection

• Fitness

• Variation

Multiple Choice

What is over production?

• too many babies= not enough resources

• no babies = death

• chicken nuggets. yummy :P

• too many babies and too much food

Multiple Choice

Evolution is a ____________ process.

• fast

• extinct

• new

• slow

Multiple Choice

Natural selection results in change over time by acting on traits that are

• heritable

• new

• mutated 

• better than the best

​On your study guide work on the following sections to be filled in:

​* Adaptation

* Variation

* Evidence for Evolution​

​

​

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WHAT IS ADAPTATION?

• Any trait that increases your chance of survival.

• 2 Types: Physical and Behavioral

VARIATION- ANY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
INDIVIDUALS OF THE SAME SPECIES

• The more

variation the
species has
…. The
more likely
it is to
survive

PROOF OF EVOLUTION

1.

Geology

2.

Fossil Record

3.

Anatomical Record

4.

Molecular Record

5.

Embryology

1. GEOLOGY- EARTH HAS CHANGED OVER
TIME

• Plate Tectonic Theory

– We know the earth has changed, as the continents have moved.

2. FOSSIL RECORDS- SHOW ORGANISMS
HAVE CHANGED OVER TIME

•Layers of rock contain fossils

–fossils show a series of organisms have lived on

Earth

FOSSILS TELL A STORY…

the Earth is old

Life is old

▪ most organisms that have lived

on earth are extinct

▪ organisms that lived long ago are

similar to ones we see today

TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS

• Fossils can show how a species has changed over many generations through fossil records

Did you know that whales used to walk on land?

3. ANATOMICAL RECORD

Animals with different structures on the
surface

But when you look under the skin…

It tells an evolutionary story of common
ancestors

3A. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
•Homo = same

– limbs that perform different functions are built from the

same type bones

•Forelimbs of human, cats, whales, & bats

3B. ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

◆ similar function, but
different structure

◆ no evolutionary

relationship

How is a

bird

like a bug?

4. COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY

• Development of embryo is similar between species due to common

ancestors

5. MOLECULAR RECORD

100

2030 40 506070 80 90100110120

Lamprey

Frog

BirdDog

Macaque

Human

32

8

45

67

125

• All organisms share the same genetic code (DNA).

• We can see how organisms are related based on how similar their

DNA is

▪ compare common genes
▪ compare common proteins

number of amino acids different
from human hemoglobin

Multiple Choice

Mutations are important because they bring about

• death of the organism in which they develop

• genetic variation needed for a population to evolve

• benefits for the individual, not for the population

• Hardey-Weinberg equilibrium within a population

Multiple Choice

What would indicate that a series of fossils represent evolution?

• the fossils were identical

• the fossils were found in the same layers of rock

• the fossils show similarities

• the fossils were completely different

Multiple Choice

Adaptations are:

• physical or behavioral tendencies.

• physical or behavioral characteristics that help an organisms survive and reproduce.

• physical or behavioral characteristics that do not help the organism in any way.

• genetic mutations that have gone wrong.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following provides the most convincing evidence for determining the evolutionary relationships among organisms?

• Fossils of missing links

• Analogous structures

• DNA sequence similarities

• Behavioral similarities

Multiple Select

Which of the following correctly depicts homologous structures? Choose all that apply.

• Similar structure, different function

• Different structure, similar function

Multiple Choice

Which of the following correctly depicts analogous structures? Choose all that apply.

• Similar structure, different function

• Different structure, similar function

Multiple Choice

Humans, birds, whales, and lizards all have similar arm bones. What is the reason for this?

• The function of these bones is the same in all animals

• They live in similar environments

• They have a common ancestor

• All organisms resemble humans

Multiple Choice

Study of the development of the embryos of organisms

• natural selection

• camouflage

• radiometric dating

• embryology

• gradualism

Multiple Choice

The fossil record provides evidence that

• Fossils cannot be dated.

• All species were formed during Earth’s formation and have changed little since then.

• The fossilized species have no connection to today’s species.

• Older species gave rise to more-recent species.

Multiple Choice

Which of these would most likely happen to a species that is not able to adapt to a changing environment?

• The species would become extinct over time.

• The species would develop mutated cells.

• The species would develop resistance to disease.

• The species would change the environment.

SCIENTIST CLASSIFY LIVING THINGS BASED
ON CHARACTERISTICS THAT LIVING THINGS
SHARE

•Like: Physical Characteristics or DNA

•Turn and tell your partner:

•Can we tell if these two organisms are related? How?

Multiple Choice

a category of classification below a phylum

• Kingdon

• Domain

• Phylum

• Class

Multiple Choice

the largest division used to classify living things

• Class

• Domain

• Genus

• Species

Multiple Choice

a large category of classification. Animal, plant and fungus are examples

• Genus

• Kingdom

• Family

• Phylum

Multiple Choice

the system of classifying living things into categories

• Species

• Orginize

• Kingdom

• Taxonomy

Multiple Choice

Taxonomy is?

• one of the three domains of life

• the science of classifying and naming living things

• organisms with spinal cords in their backs

• one of the six kingdoms of life

MANY SPECIES HAD MANY NAMES AROUND THE
WORLD SO WE NEEDED TO SIMPLIFY NAMES

•Carolus Linnaeus come up with a two part scientific name

(Binomial Nomenclature)

•All animals would be written as their Genus species (note the

genus word will always be capitalized and the species name
lower case)

•Examples:

•Puma concolor

•Acer rubrum

•Homo sapien

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION- THESCIENCE
OF CLASSIFYING AND NAMING THINGS

•Scientist use an 8 levels of classifying

Domains

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Broadest

Most Specific

3 DOMAINS

•Bacteria – single celled organisms that reproduce
by cell division
•Archaea- prokaryotes that live in harsh
environments
•Eukarya- multi cellular organisms like
mushrooms, trees and humans

FOUR KINGDOMS OF EUKARYA
•Animalia- organisms that can move and eat
other organisms
•Plantae- organisms with cell walls, can not
move and make their own food
(photosynthesis)
•Protista- single celled organisms like algea,
and slime mold
•Fungi- break down dead plants and animals
for food