Chapter 4-4 Plant Reproduction

Chapter 4-4

Plant Reproduction

pg. 136

1. ​What are the stages of a plant life cycle?

2. How do plants reproduce?

Complete the lesson's "My Planet Diary" on the same paper with the other Chapter 4 "My Planet Diary" and update your binder.

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My Planet Diary

pg. 136

"If Trees Could Talk"

Vocabulary

• sporophyte

• gametophyte

• annual

• biennial

• perennial

• fertilization

• zygote

• cone

• ovule

• fruit

1. ​sporophyte- stage where plant produces spores

2. gametophyte- stage where plant produces two kinds of sex cells (sperm & egg cells)

3. annuals- flowering plant that completes life cycle in one year and dies

4. biennials- flowering plant that completes life cycle in two years and dies

5. perennials- flowering plant that completes its life cycle every year

6. fertilization- when the sperm cell unites with an egg cell

7. zygote- a fertilized egg

8. cones- gymnosperms have reproductive structures called cones

9. ovule- structure that contains an egg cell (ovule later develops into the seed)

10. fruit- as the seed develops the ovary changes (encloses the seeds)

What are the stages of a plant's life cycle?

Like other living things plants develop and reproduce through life stages.

• Plants have complex life cycles that include two different stages, the sporophyte stage and the gametophyte stage.

​Angiosperms are classified based on the length of their life cycles.

All plants go through 2 stages in their life cycle.

Plant life cycles can be summed up as the following:

1. Annuals

2. Biennials

3. Perennials

Biennials vs Perennials

Bi= 2 and Per=through

Ennial is a Latin root word that means year.

Multiple Choice

What does the prefix bi mean?

• by myself

• two

• to

• too

• by a plant

Multiple Choice

Which stage of the plant life cycle does the plant produce spores?

• sporophyte

• gametophyte

• sporing

• ovule

• sporerific

How do plants reproduce?

Plants reproduce in different ways depending on their specialized structures and the environment they live in. All plants undergo sexual reproduction that involves fertilization.

Fertilization occurs when the sperm cell unites with an egg cell. The fertilized egg is called a zygote.

Many plants can also undergo asexual reproduction. Remember asexual reproduction includes only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent. New plants can grow from the roots, leaves, or stems of a parent plant. Asexual reproduction can happen quickly if the environment is ideal, but does not produce favorable traits as there is no genetic information being passed down to offspring.

Scientist love asexual reproduction because the plants can be reproduced for experiments.

Nonvascular & Seedless Vascular Plants

Remember, liverworts, hornworts, ferns, club mosses, and horsetails all need to grow in MOIST environments. This is because the plants release spores into their surroundings, where they grow into gametophytes.

For example, a fern, with its visible fronds, is the sporophyte stage of the plant. One the underside of the mature fronds, spores develop. Wind and water can carry the spores a great distance and if they land on ideal conditions they will grow into plants that are low to the ground.

​Follow the process of the gymnosperms on page 140

• Cone Production

  • reproductive structures called cones.

• Pollen Production and Ovule Development

  • Male produces cones & the female develops structures called ovules.

• Egg Production - 2 eggs form inside each ovule

• Pollination - transfer of pollen from the male to the female

• Fertilization - ovule closes and seals in the pollen while fertilizing the egg

• Seed Development - female cones begin growing their seeds

• Seed Dispersal - when the seeds are ready the scales open up and the wind carries the seeds else where to grow. Only a few seeds will land in ideal soil conditions in order to grow new plants.

​ Steps of Pollination & Fertilization

​Angiosperms

Look back at the plant life and gymnosperm reproduction cycle in this lesson (pg. 141). What do the yellow and purple colors of the arrows represent?

Multiple Choice

How many stages are there in the angiosperm reproduction life cycle?

• 6

• 7

• 5

• 4

Multiple Choice

What is the first stage in the life cycle of the angiosperm reproduction?

• flower production

• seed grows into a new plant

• pollen grains are trapped on the stigma

• the ovule develops

​As the seed develops, the ovary changes into a fruit. A fruit is the ripened ovary and other structures that enclose one or more seeds. Fruits are the means that angiosperm seeds are dispersed. Animals that eat fruits help with dispersion by depositing them in new areas.

Fruit Development and Seed Dispersal

Multiple Choice

Many angiosperms rely on animals for

• fertilization

• pollination

• photosynthesis

• transpiration

Multiple Choice

Because it lives for many years, a maple tree is a/an what?

• perennial

• annual

• biennial

• biannual

Multiple Choice

The product of the union of sperm and egg is a/an what?

• embryo

• gametophyte

• fruit

• zygote

Multiple Choice

The ovule of a pine tree are found in its what?

• fruits

• cones

• ovaries

• seeds