Life Science Year in Review Part 2

Multiple Choice

What is DNA?

• A chemical in plants that turns sunlight into energy

• a molecule that makes energy for the cell

• a long, twisted, ladder-shaped molecule that contains the genetic information of an organism

• a membrane that lets things into and out of the cell

​ Sexual reproduction occurs when an egg cell from the female parent joins with a sperm cell from the male parent. The egg cell gives half the DNA to the offspring and the sperm cell gives the other half. Remember that DNA is so tiny that it fits inside the nucleus of a cell.

Sexual Reproduction

Multiple Choice

Sexual reproduction requires

• 1 parent

• 0 parents

• a male and female parent

• only female parents

Multiple Choice

Asexual reproduction involves

• 2 parents

• 1 parent

• 0 parents

• one dozen parents

Offspring have 2 copies of each gene. However, the DNA sequences of the two copies may not be the same. These variations of a specific gene are called alleles. As an example, in the labs, one allele codes for brown or black coat color. The other allele codes for yellow coat color. One allele came from the dog’s female parent. The other allele came from the dog’s male parent.

Allele: a variation of a gene

Multiple Choice

Brown eyed parents have one child with brown eyes and one child with blue eyes. What does the indicate about the parents genotypes?

• One of the parents has green eyes

• Both of the parents carry a recessive gene for blue eyes

• Brown eyed parents can't have a blue eyed child

• You can't tell anything about the genotype from the offspring

​The parent organisms pass on their traits, or characteristics, to their offspring through their DNA. This results in different offspring who share some inherited traits with their parents but are not exactly alike.

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Traits

Multiple Choice

What are offspring?

• The parents

• The structure of DNA

• the genetic material in a cell

• the product of reproduction

Multiple Choice

What is a gene?

• the nucleus of a cell

• the barrier around a cell

• a short segment of DNA that carries information for a trait

• what an organism looks like on the outside

​The dog gets one allele, from its female parent and one allele from the male parent. This pair of alleles an organism inherits from each parent is the genotype; The genotype is written using two letters; for example the female parent’s genotype is Ee.

Genotype

Multiple Choice

What is a genotype?

• the outward appearance

• the pair of alleles an organism inherits from its parents

• the barrier around a cell

• variations of a specific gene

Some alleles are dominant and can cover or mask other alleles, which are recessive. Scientists use a capital letter to represent the dominant (stronger) allele and a lowercase letter to represent the recessive (weaker) gene. ( for example E is black or brown coat color and e is yellow coat color) Ee is an example fo a genotype. The final outward appearance of the trait is called the phenotype.

Phenotype

Multiple Choice

What is a phenotype?

• the genes from the parent

• The final outward appearance of a trait

• the DNA inside the nucleus

• the number of offspring

You can use a Punnett square to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.

​Notice that the Punnett square predicts 4 offspring.

​Punnett Squares

Multiple Choice

When thinking about genotypes and phenotypes, which is the cause and which is the effect?

• both the genotype and the phenotype are the cause

• The genotype determines the phenotype

• The phenotype causes the genotype

• They are all random

Multiple Choice

How many possible offspring are predicted in each Punnett square?

• 5

• 4

• 3

• 2

A cell is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism. Even bacteria, which are extremely small, independently-living organisms, have a cellular structure. Each bacterium is a single cell. All living structures contain cells.

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​Cells

Multiple Choice

Are bacteria living organisms?

• Yes, each bacterium is a single cell.

• No they are not alive

• No they are too small to be alive

• Yes but only when there are many bacteria together

Multiple Choice

What is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism?

• An organ

• a tissue

• a cell

• an atom

The flower’s color and shape attract pollinators.

The pollinator bumps into the anther on the stamen and collects pollen on its body. The pollinator feeds on the flower’s nectar.The pollinator visits another flower.While it feeds, it bumps into the flower structures. It leaves some of the pollen that it collected from the last flower on the new flower’s stigma.

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​Pollination

Multiple Choice

Why do pollinators visit flowers?

• to help them reproduce

• to get pollen

• to feed on nectar

Multiple Select

What structures do flowers have to encourage pollination?

• brightly colored petals, stamen and/or pistil that attract pollinators

• nectar that pollinators want to feed on

• anther placed above the nectar so the pollinator gets pollen on its body when feeding

• a pistil in the way of the nectar so the pollinators bumps into it when feeding

• all of the above

When the pollinator leaves pollen on the stigma, the pollen moves down the inside of the pistil until it reaches the ovary.

Inside the ovary are the ovules, also known as eggs. The pollen contains sperm which fertilizes the eggs inside the ovary. The fertilized egg then becomes a seed which may grow into a plant. This is the offspring of the parent plant.

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​Fertilization

Multiple Choice

What is the function of pollen?

• to feed pollinators

• to attract pollinators

• to carry the sperm to the ovary

• to give support the plant

Multiple Choice

Where is pollen produced?

• In the ovary

• In the stigma

• In the anther

• In the sepals

Multiple Choice

The pistil contains the stigma, style and ovary which holds the eggs. The pistil is __________

• female

• male

• neither

• both

• The ‘I’iwi goes from flower to flower and spreads pollen

• When ‘I’iwi goes from flower to flower, it leaves pollen on the stigma

• ‘I’iwi eats the nectar and collects pollen on its body, then it flies to another flower and leaves pollen from the last flower on the stigma of the new flower

• ‘I’iwi feeds on the flower’s nectar and goes to the next flower and leaves some pollen on the stigma.

​ʻŌhiʻa Lehua and ‘I‘iwi

Multiple Choice

How does i'iwi's behavior benefit ohia lehua?

• It protects Ohia from predators

• It pollinates the flowers so that more 'ohia lehua trees can grow

• it protects 'ohia from R.O.D.

• it removes insects from the tree

ʻŌhiʻa Lehua provides habitat for the ‘I‘iwi, it gives the birds a place to live, look for food, nest, and rest.

ʻŌhiʻa Lehua provides protection for the ‘I‘iwi. The ‘I‘iwi can camouflage among the flowers to avoid predators such as the Hawaiian hawk or ʻio.

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​ʻŌhiʻa Lehua

Multiple Choice

What type of relationship do ʻŌhiʻa Lehua and ‘I‘iwi have?

• Mutually beneficial- they help each other

• Competitive- they both want the same resources

• Predatory- one hunts and eats the other

• Parasitic- the ‘I‘iwi lives off the ʻŌhiʻa Lehua without benefitting it.