EES Exam Review Part 4: Geosphere

Earth's Layers

• Earth is made of four layers.

• We live on the crust, made of cool rocks and oceans.

• Next, we have the mantle made of hot liquid rock.

• Then we have the inner and outer core. They are extremely hot and made of metal.

• Scientists made inferences about the inner layers. We cannot really dig through the Earth because the inner layers are so hot.

Explanation Slide...

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Convection Currents happen in the mantle

Earth's Plates

• The crust is made of solid rock called Plates. There are 12 main plates.

• Remember that the plates are solid, but they are floating on the mantle, which is liquid. ​

• So, the plates ​move due to changes that happen in the mantle below.

• The movement of the plates is called Plate Tectonics.​

Click on the link to to Identify the Names and locations of the 15 Plates and some major types of boundaries

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15 Major Tectonic Plates & Types of Boundaries

​Review - Plate Boundaries

• Earth's crust is cracked into 12 plates.

• The plates can be Oceanic or Continental.

• The plates meet at boundaries.

• Scientists study plate boundaries because changes in the geosphere happen there.

• They classify plate boundaries into:

  • Convergent

    • Oceanic-Oceanic

    • Oceanic- Continental

    • Continent-Continent

  • Divergent

  • Transform

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EXAMPLE: Convergent -Oceanic to Oceanic

EXAMPLE: Convergent -Oceanic to Oceanic

EXAMPLE: Convergent -Oceanic to Continental

Nazca subducts beneath South American Plate

EXAMPLE: Convergent -Oceanic to Continental

Forms the Andes Moutains

EXAMPLE: Convergent -Continental to Continental

Forms the Himalyan Moutains

The Rock Cycle

The Rock Cycle is a group of changes. Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock or into metamorphic rock. Sedimentary rock can change into metamorphic rock or into igneous rock. Metamorphic rock can change into igneous or sedimentary rock.

Igneous Rocks

• Magma is formed by the melting of rocks

• Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling of magma

• Volcanic glass, like obsidian, formed from a lava that cooled so quickly crystals did not form; glassy texture

Igneous Rocks

• Volcanic or extrusive rock, like basalt, formed from a lava that cooled on Earth's surface, allowing small crystals to form; fine-grained texture

• Plutonic or intrusive rock, like granite, formed from a magma that cooled below Earth's surface, allowing large crystals to form; coarse-grained texture

Sedimentary Rocks

• Sediments are formed by the weathering and erosion of rocks

• Clastic Sedimentary rocks, like sandstone, are formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments ranging in size, from smallest to largest: clay, silt, sand, pebbles, cobbles, and boulders

Sedimentary Rocks

• Chemical sedimentary rocks, like rock salt, are made when water evaporates or when the mineral falls out of a water solution

• Organic sedimentary rocks, like coal, are made from the remains of plants and animals.

Metamorphic Rocks

• Metamorphic rocks are created when any rock experiences high heat and pressure

• Foliated metamorphic rocks, like gneiss, have visible layering or bands of minerals

• Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, like quartzite, have NO visible layering or bands of minerals and instead are more crystalline

Match

Match the layer to its composition.

• Crust

• Mantle

• Outer Core

• Inner Core

Solid Rock

Liquid Rock

Liquid Metal

Solid Metal

• Solid Rock

• Liquid Rock

• Liquid Metal

• Solid Metal

Multiple Choice

The area around the pacific plate where boundaries form and there are lots of volcanoes is called...

• death ring
• fire zone
• ring of fire
• zone of fire

Multiple Choice

When scientists map the location of earthquakes, where do they find that most earthquakes happen?

• middle of tectonic plates

• in the core of the earth

• only near mountains

• at plate boundaries

Multiple Choice

Coal is formed from...

• The remains of ancient plants from swamps

• The remains of ancient ocean life

• The remains of dead dinosaurs

• Erupting volcanoes

Multiple Choice

There are large reserves of oil Canada, Saudi Arabia and Russia, because of this we know that these areas were once

• under ancient shallow seas

• part of ancient swamps

• filled with ancient volcanoes

• hot a dry climates

Multiple Choice

Where are metals and minerals most often found?

• In mountains

• Near tectonic plate boundaries and volcanoes

• Deep in the oceans

• At the North and South Pole

Multiple Choice

What must be present for Fossil Fuels to form?

• Bones and Sediment
• Dead Organisms and Layers of Sediment
• Dead Organisms, Layers of Sediment, and Heat & Pressure over time
• Bones, Layers of Sediment, and Heat & Pressure over time

Multiple Choice

The area around the pacific plate where boundaries form is called...

• death ring

• fire zone

• ring of fire

• zone of fire

Multiple Choice

The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a ________.

• divergent boundary
• convergent boundary
• transform fault
• subduction zone

Multiple Choice

Oceanic crust is

• Younger and less dense than continental crust
• Thinner, younger and more dense than continental crust
• Older, thicker and less dense that continental crust
• Bigger and younger than continental crust

Multiple Choice

Which cross section correctly shows the inferred movement of material in the asthenosphere beneath the Mid-Atlantic Ridge? X = North American Plate Y = African plate

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

Which cross section shows the inferred movement of material in the asthenosphere beneath the Juan de Fuca Plate and the North American Plate?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Multiple Choice

Obsidian is a dark, glassy rock formed by the cooling of lava.

• extrusive igneous

• sedimentary

• metamorphic

• intrusive igneous

Multiple Choice

Why are resources not evenly distributed across Earth's surface?

• Geological processes

• Humans bring them to other places.

• High tides

• Tornadoes

Multiple Choice

How does temperature change as you move from the crust to the core?

• it gets cooler

• it gets hotter

• it stays the same

• the core is frozen

Labelling

Label the layers of the Earth in the image.

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

inner core

lithosphere

asthenosphere

Convection currents

Oceanic Crust

continental crust

outer core

mantle

Drag and Drop

The Earth's oceanic crust is made of ​

Placeholder

rock and the Earth's continental crust is made ​

Placeholder

rock.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

basalt

granite

iron

nickel

Multiple Choice

According to Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift, 

• Earth's surface is made up of seven major landmasses

• the continents DO NOT move

• Earth is slowly cooling and shrinking

• the continents were once joined together in a single landmass

Multiple Choice

What evidence supports the idea that all the continents were once joined together?

• Similar rocks found on different continents.

• Mountains created by colliding continents.

• Evidence of glaciers in unexpected places.

• All of the above

Multiple Choice

What type of event will occur at this boundary?

• Earthquake

• Volcano Eruption

• Tornado

• Mountain Building

Multiple Choice

What type of plate boundary is this?

• Plate

• Divergent

• Convergent

• Transform

Multiple Choice

What is the name of this tectonic plate?

• African

• Antarctic

• Indian

• Arabian

Multiple Choice

What leads to the creation of island arcs?

• Collision of two oceanic plates.

• Collision of oceanic and continental plates

• seafloor spreading

• collision of two continental plates

Multiple Choice

What is NOT likely to happen at a divergent boundary?

• mountain formation

• rift valley

• seafloor spreading

• formation of a volcano

Multiple Choice

This animation depicts which of the following?

• How the Himalayan mountains formed

• How the Andes formed

• How the Hawaiian Islands formed

• How the East African Rift Valley formed.

Multiple Choice

What is the name of this tectonic plate?

• Cocos

• Nazca

• Scotia

• South American

Multiple Choice

What is happening at the subduction zone of the Juan de Fuca and North American Plates?

• Plates are sliding past each other

• Plates are spreading apart

• One plate is being pulled under another.

• there is a hot spot creating volcanic islands

Multiple Choice

Mid-ocean ridges are places where tectonic plates are doing what?

• colliding

• sliding past each other

• spreading apart

• none of these

Match

Match each diagram with the correct boundary type.

Convergent Bountary

Transform Boundary

Divergent Boundary

Subduction

• Convergent Bountary

• Transform Boundary

• Divergent Boundary

• Subduction

Multiple Choice

At which plate boundary is new crust formed?

• divergent

• convergent

• continental

• transform

Multiple Choice

What geologic feature/event would you most likely to find at a convergent boundary between two pieces of continental crust?

• Volcano

• Mountain

• Rift

• Island Arc

Multiple Choice

What natural event can cause a Tsunami?

• Earthquakes

• Volcanic Eruptions

• Landslides

• Glacier breaking off into the ocean

• All of the above

Multiple Choice

A prime example of an area over a hot spot is :

• Japan

• the Andes Mountains

• the East African Rift

• the Hawaiian Islands

Multiple Choice

Which of the volcanic islands is the oldest?

• ^Ni'ihua

• Kaua'i

• O'ahu

• Moloka'i

• Maui

Multiple Choice

This rock started as molten magma. What type of rock is this?

• Sedimentary

• Igneous

• Metamorphic

Multiple Choice

This rock was formed by smaller pieces of rock that settled at the bottom of a lake millions of years ago. What type of rock is this?

• Sedimentary

• Igneous

• Metamorphic

Multiple Choice

Cooling & crystalization produce

• igneous rocks

• metamorphic rocks

• sedimentary rocks

Multiple Choice

The process by which metamorphic rocks are formed...

• heat and pressure

• erosion and deposition

• melting and cooling

Multiple Choice

The process by which igneous rocks are formed...

• heat and pressure

• melting and cooling

• weathering and erosion

Multiple Choice

Which type of rock is made by small bits of rock, mud, or sand compacted and cemented together?

• Coal

• igneous

• metamorphic

• sedimentary

Multiple Choice

Coal is formed from layered plant and animal material and is used as fuel.

• igneous

• sedimentary

• metamorphic

Multiple Choice

Basalt is a fine-grained rock

• igneous

• sedimentary

• metamorphic

Multiple Choice

Granite is a coarse grained, rock formed underground.

• intrusive igneous

• sedimentary

• metamorphic

• extrusive igneous

Multiple Choice

Pumice is a lightweight rock with holes formed from gas bubbles.

• igneous

• sedimentary

• metamorphic

Multiple Choice

Which igneous rock cooled the fastest?

Multiple Choice

Which type of rocks contain fossils?

• Igneous

• Sedimentary

• Metamorphic

• Fossils are not real

Multiple Choice

Where would the oldest rock be found?

• L

• M

• N

• O

Multiple Choice

How does heat from the core cause molten rock in these convection currents to move?

• Sinks when hot, and rises when cool

• Rises when hot, and sinks when cool

• Heat from inside the Earth does not cause rocks to move.