Spring 2023 Final Exam Review US History

THE ROLE OF THE U.S.
SUPREME COURT

The United States Supreme Court identifies a constitutional basis for a right to privacy that is protected from government interference.

Roe v. Wade (1973) established the precedent of right to privacy. The Court
held that a woman's right to an abortion fell within the right to privacy protected
by the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision gave a woman total autonomy
over the pregnancy during the first trimester and defined different levels of
state interest for the second and third trimesters. As a result, the laws of 46
states were affected by the Court's ruling.

Riley v. California (2014) protects the privacy of digital information on cell
phones.

Right to Privacy

Multiple Choice

In this Supreme Court case, the Court
ruled a woman's right to an abortion was private and therefore protected
by the Fourteenth Amendment.

• Gideon v Wainwright

• Roe v Wade

• Loving v Virginia

• Plessy v Ferguson

THE ROLE OF THE U.S. SUPREME COURT

The membership of
the United States
Supreme Court during
the end of the
twentieth century and
early twenty-first
century has included
women and minorities,
such as Sandra Day
O’Connor (first female Supreme Court Justice), Ruth Bader
Ginsburg, Clarence
Thomas, Sonia
Sotomayor, and Elena
Kagan.

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

Clarence Thomas

Sandra Day O’Connor

Sonia Sotomayor

Elena Kagan

Multiple Choice

Who was the first female Supreme Court Justice?

• Ruth Bader Ginsberg

• Sally Ride

• Sandra Day O’Connor

• Hillary Clinton

SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY

In the early 1960s, President Kennedy
pledged increased support for the American
space program. The race to the moon
continued through the 1960s. U.S. astronaut
John Glenn was the first American to orbit the
Earth. In 1969, American astronaut Neil
Armstrong was the first person to step onto
the moon’s surface. He proclaimed, “That’s
one small step for a man; one giant leap for
mankind.”

SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY

Sally Ride was the
first female American
astronaut.

THE UNITED STATES VS.
INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM

United States responses to terrorism
• Heightened security at home (Patriot Act)
• Diplomatic and military initiatives
• Formation of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) to screen baggage and people at airports.

OR

Multiple Choice

The purpose of the Patriot Act was to...

• support the United Nations' policy to promote world peace.

• establish a strategic defense alliance between the United States and Poland.

• promote interstate commerce and protect trade.

• "deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world, to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, and for other purposes."

Multiple Choice

What event shown in the picture has changed the role of the United States in trying to stop international terrorism?

• The attack on the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000

• The attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001

• The attack on an American embassy in Lebanon in 1983

• The attack on a federal government building in Oklahoma in 1995

Challenges to traditional

American values

Tradition

Challenge

Religion

Role of women

Immigration
(reactions against)

Rise of the new Ku Klux
Klan (KKK) and the Red
Scare

Prohibition

Smuggling alcohol and
speakeasies

​Darwin‘s Theory of Evolution (Origins of the Species); the Scopes Trial (1925)

​Flappers; 19th Amendment

Dropdown

American women won the right to vote with the ratification of which amendment? ​

Select answer

Economic:
➔ The earlier Sherman Anti-Trust Act prevented

any business structure that “restrains trade”
monopolies

➔ The Clayton Anti-Trust Actexpanded upon the

Sherman Antitrust Act by exempting unions
from prosecution and outlawed price-fixing.

➔ The Federal Reserve System was established

◆
The Federal Reserve System

Progressive Accomplishments

NATIONAL LEVEL

Match

Match the following Amendments to the US Constitution

• 19th

• 17th

• 18th

women's suggrage

direct election of senators

Prohibition

• women's suggrage

• direct election of senators

• Prohibition

Progressive accomplishments:

NATIONAL LEVEL

· Political:

●Primary elections were established.

●The 17th Amendment was passed, establishing the direct election of United States
senators.

●The 19th Amendment was enacted, providing women with the right to vote. Efforts to
gain the right to vote were realized through the strong leadership of the women’s
movement by Carrie Chapman Catt and Alice Paul as well as the nation’s recognition
of women’s wartime contributions during World War I.The Women’s Movement was
the forerunner of the modern protest movement.

Dropdown

Which law outlawed monopolies?​ ​

Select answer

​

In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court ruled that
“separate but equal” did not violate the 14th
Amendment, upholding the “Jim Crow” laws of the era.

Homer Plessy

Discrimination: “Jim Crow”

Drag and Drop

Which Supreme Court case affirmed the “separate but equal” doctrine? ​

Placeholder

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

Plessy v. Ferguson

Williams v. Mississippi

Marbury v. Madison

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Confrontation between the United States and Cuba

Cuba was also a site of Cold War confrontations.

Map illustrating distances to major American cities
within range of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba

Fill in the Blank

Which country built missile sites in Cuba in 1962 that caused a crisis with the United States?

The Vietnam War

After Johnson declined to seek re-election,
President Nixon was elected on a pledge to
bring the war to an honorable end. He
instituted a policy of “Vietnamization,”
withdrawing American troops and replacing
them with South Vietnamese forces while
maintaining military aid to the South
Vietnamese.

President Richard
Nixon

The Vietnam War

Ultimately “Vietnamization” failed when South Vietnamese troops proved
unable to resist invasion by the Soviet-supplied North Vietnamese Army.
President Nixon was forced out of office by the Watergate scandal. In 1975,
North and South Vietnam were merged under communist control.

The Vietnam War

African Americans were drafted and sent to the front lines in
disproportionate numbers. More than 300,000 Black Americans served in
Vietnam. Though only about 12% of the U.S. population, Black
servicemembers were 16.3% of the armed forces, and up to 25% of enlisted
men in the Army, but only 2% of officers across all branches. The
proportional increase of Black servicemembers in combat roles was a shift
from earlier conflicts. Because of this over-representation, the casualty rate
for Black troops was disproportionately higher.

Dropdown

During the Vietnam War, ​

Select answer

were drafted and sent to the front lines in disproportionate numbers. Because of this over-representation, the casualty rate for Black troops was disproportionately ​

Select answer

.

BROWN V. BOARD OF
EDUCATION (1954)

Thurgood Marshall: Led the NAACP
Legal Defense Team that argued the
Brown case before the Supreme Court.

After winning the case, Marshall goes
on to become the first African-American
to serve on the US Supreme Court.

Multiple Choice

The lawyer who became well-known for arguing the Brown case before the Supreme Court was —

• Oliver Hill

• Thurgood Marshall

• W.E.B. DuBois

• Booker T. Washington

BROWN V. BOARD OF
EDUCATION (1954)

Oliver Hill: NAACP Legal
Defense Team in Virginia.
He argued the Davis case
before the Supreme Court
of Virginia. It became part
of the Brown case.

Oliver Hill memorial in Richmond

BROWN V. BOARD OF
EDUCATION (1954)

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

In this court case, the Supreme Court of the United

States ruled that segregated schools are unequal and

must desegregate.

Dropdown

The Supreme Court’s decision in the Brown v. Board of Education case involved the issue of —​

Select answer

Match

Match the following

• Dred Scott v. Sandord

• Plessy v. Ferguson

• 14th Amendment

• Brown v. Board

said African Americans were not U.S. citizens

separate but equal facilities were not a violation of the 14th Amendment.

Anyone born in the U.S. is a citizen of the United States and of their home state

“separate but equal” is inherently unequal and a violation of the 14th Amendment

• said African Americans were not U.S. citizens

• separate but equal facilities were not a violation of the 14th Amendment.

• Anyone born in the U.S. is a citizen of the United States and of their home state

• “separate but equal” is inherently unequal and a violation of the 14th Amendment

In the Pacific:

Use of the atomic bomb:
Facing the prospect of
horrendous American and
Japanese casualties if
American forces were to
invade Japan itself, President
Harry Truman ordered the use
of atomic bombs on the
Japanese cities of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki to force the
Japanese to surrender. Tens of
thousands of people were
killed in both cities. Shortly
after the bombs were used,
the Japanese leaders
surrendered, avoiding the
need for American forces to
invade Japan.

Drag and Drop

Which president ordered the use of atomic bombs during WWII?​

Placeholder

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

Harry S. Truman

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Franklin D. Roosevelt

John F. Kennedy

Major battles and military turning points in Europe

Stalingrad: Hundreds of
thousands of German soldiers
were killed or captured in a
months-long siege of the
Russian city of Stalingrad. This
defeat prevented Germany
from seizing the Soviet oil
fields and turned the tide
against Germany in the east.

Normandy landings (D-Day):
American and Allied troops
under the command of General Eisenhower, landed in German-occupied France on
June 6, 1944. Despite intense
German opposition and heavy
American casualties, the
landings succeeded, and the
liberation of Westernrn Europe
from Hitler began.

Multiple Choice

The Battle of Stalingrad was significant because Germany was —

• forced to surrender its western armies

• denied access to valuable oil resources

• cut off from Italian reinforcements

• invaded by the Allied troops

Multiple Choice

Which Allied leader during the D-Day invasion of Normandy later became President of the United States?

• George C. Marshall

• Harry S. Truman

• Dwight D. Eisenhower

• Franklin D. Roosevelt

Major battles and military turning points

In Europe:
Battle of the Bulge (Dec. 16, 1944 –
Jan. 25, 1945)
The last major offensive by the
German army in WWII. It was
Hitler’s attempt to use the German
army to divide the Allied armies into
two, smaller armies and wipe them
out. There were probably more than
1 million soldier and airmen
involved in the battle from the
United States, Great Britain, and
Germany, with nearly 200,000
casualties (total) including 19,276
Americans killed. It remains the
most lethal battle in American
history.

American
soldiers at the
Battle of the
Bulge.

In the Pacific:

Midway: In the Battle of Midway (termed the “Miracle at Midway”), American
naval forces defeated a much larger Japanese force as it prepared to seize Midway
Island. Coming only a few months after Pearl Harbor, a Japanese victory at Midway
would have enabled Japan to invade Hawaii. The American victory ended the
Japanese threat to Hawaii and began a series of American victories in the “island
hopping” campaign, carrying the war closer and closer to Japan.

In the Pacific:
Iwo Jima and Okinawa: The
American invasions of the islands
of Iwo Jima and Okinawa brought
American forces closer than ever
to Japan, but both invasions cost
thousands of American lives and
even more Japanese lives, as
Japanese soldiers fought fiercely
over every square inch of the
islands and Japanese soldiers and
civilians committed suicide rather
than surrender.

Mount Suribachi

Marines fighting their way up Mount Suribachi
on Iwo Jima

Planting the
flag on Mount
Suribachi

All-minority military units

Tuskegee Airmen (African
American) served in Europe with
distinction.

Nisei regiments (Asian
American) earned a high
number of decorations. Nisei
regiments were all
Japanese-American combat
units that were segregated.

Additional contributions of minorities
Communication codes of the Navajo Indians were used (oral, not written language;
impossible for the Japanese to break). Navajo served in non-segregated units.

Mexican Americans also fought, but in nonsegregated units.

Minority units suffered high casualties and won numerous unit citations and
individual medals for bravery in action.

Multiple Choice

All African-American fighter squadron during WWII.

• Code Talkers

• Tuskegee Airmen

• Nisei Units

• Harlem Hellfighters

Multiple Choice

Which ethnic minority earned a high number of military decorations for their service during World War II?

• African Americans

• Asian Americans

• Mexican Americans

• Native Americans

Multiple Select

Select the statements that best explain the contributions these men provided to the Allied Powers during World War II.

• Warned the Japanese about the atomic bomb

• Used their language for communication of confidential information

• Risked their lives in the field decoding messages

• Helped invent radar used in submarines

While negotiating with the United States
and without any warning, Japan carried
out an air attack on the American naval
base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on
December 7, 1941. The attack destroyed
much of the American Pacific fleet and
killed several thousand Americans. The
U.S. policy of neutrality in WWII was no
longer a viable option after Japan’s
surprise attack. Roosevelt called
December 7, 1941 “a date that will live in
infamy” as he asked Congress to declare
war on Japan.

USS Arizona after being struck by Japanese bombs
at Pearl Harbor

Japanese Zeroes over Pearl Harbor

After Pearl Harbor, Hitler honored a
pact with Japan and declared war on
the United States. The debates over
isolationism in the United States were
over. World War II was now a true
world war, and the United States was
fully involved.

Hitler and Mussolini

Multiple Choice

As a result of an alliance, which nation declared war on the United States after America declared war on Japan following their attack at Pearl Harbor?

• Italy

• Great Britain

• Germany

• Soviet Union

New Deal (Franklin Roosevelt)

⚫

This program changed the role of the government to a more
active participant in solving problems.

⚫

Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first president to have entirely
African American advisors who served in a “kitchen cabinet.”

⚫

Roosevelt rallied a frightened nation in which one in four
workers was unemployed. (“We have nothing to fear, but fear
itself.”)

⚫

Relief measures provided direct payment to people for
immediate help (Works Progress Administration—WPA).

⚫

Recovery programs were designed to bring the nation out of
the depression over time (Agricultural Adjustment
Administration—AAA).

⚫

Reform measures corrected unsound banking and investment
practices (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation—FDIC).

⚫

Social Security Act offered financial safeguards for American
workers, the elderly, and the financially disadvantaged

⚫

African Americans were discriminated against in these
government programs.

Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democrat
President 1933-1945

More information about the Social
Security Act here:
https://www.history.com/topics/g
reat-depression/social-security-act

Fill in the Blank

Who said, "We have nothing to fear but fear itself"?

Match

Match the following

Wanted to make the world safe for democracy. Gave a famous 14 point speech.

Secretary of State who promoted the Open Door Policy with China.

Legitimate ruler and monarch of Hawaii.

Promoted the policy of Dollar Diplomacy for Latin America.

Expanded United States “police” presence in the Western Hemisphere with the help of a "Big Stick"

• Wanted to make the world safe for democracy. Gave a famous 14 point speech.

• Secretary of State who promoted the Open Door Policy with China.

• Legitimate ruler and monarch of Hawaii.

• Promoted the policy of Dollar Diplomacy for Latin America.

• Expanded United States “police” presence in the Western Hemisphere with the help of a "Big Stick"

United States involvement in World War I

America’s decision to enter the war was the result of continuing
German submarine warfare (violating freedom of the seas) and
American ties to Great Britain.

Match

Match the following Inventions/Innovations that led to economic growth in the late nineteenth century.

• Corporations

• Bessemer Steel Process

• Light bulb and electricity as a source of power and light

• Filament for the Light bulb

• Telephone

limited liability

Henry Bessemer

Thomas Edison

Lewis Lattimer

Alexander Graham Bell

• limited liability

• Henry Bessemer

• Thomas Edison

• Lewis Lattimer

• Alexander Graham Bell

Match

Match the following Inventions/Innovations that led to economic growth in the late nineteenth century.

• Airplane

• Assembly-line manufacturing

• Gas Mask and the Traffic Light

Wright brothers

Henry Ford

Garrett Morgan

• Wright brothers

• Henry Ford

• Garrett Morgan

Match

Match the following

• Andrew Carnegie

• J.P. Morgan

• John D. Rockerfeller

• Cornelius Vanderbilt

• C.J. Walker

Steel

Finance

Oil

Railroads

Cosmetics

• Steel

• Finance

• Oil

• Railroads

• Cosmetics

#1. Laissez-faire capitalism and special
considerations (e.g., land grants to railroad
builders)

Laissez-faire capitalism - One of the guiding principles of
capitalism, this doctrine claims that an economic
system should be free from government intervention and
regulation, and be driven only by the market forces.

The Government takes a “hands-off”approach to the nation’s economy

Economic Growth: Transformation

#2. The increasing labor supply (from
immigration and migration from farms)

Immigrants from eastern Europe coming to America

Economic Growth: Transformation

#3. America’s possession of a wealth of
natural resources and navigable rivers

Economic Growth: Transformation

Reorder

Reorder the following reasons for America's transformation from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy.

• Laissez-faire capitalism

• immigration and migration

• America’s natural resources and navigable rivers

1

2

3

• 1
• 2
• 3

Part 3: Political Impact of the Civil War

The three “Civil War Amendments” to the
Constitution were added:

13th Amendment (1865): Slavery was abolished
permanently in the United States.

14th Amendment (1868): States were prohibited from
denying equal rights under the law to any American.
Citizenship granted to all who were born in the United
States.

15th Amendment (1870): Voting rights were
guaranteed regardless of “race, color, or previous
condition of servitude” (former slaves).

Congress attempted to create legal equality for people formerly
held in slavery. As a result, the US Constitution was permanently
altered. These “Civil War Amendments” to the Constitution laid
the basis for the eventual equality for all Americans.

Multiple Choice

Which Reconstruction Amendment reinforces the principle of the Constitution by promoting equal protection of the law for all American citizens?

• 14th

• 15th

• 16th

• 13th

Multiple Choice

Which Civil War amendment permanently abolished slavery in the United States?

• 13th

• 14th

• 15th

• 16th

Multiple Choice

The 15th amendment —

• grants universal male suffrage

• establishes citizenship restrictions

• allows for taxation of income

• allows for the direct election of senators

Multiple Choice

What are the three Civil War Amendments?

• 14, 15, and 16

• 13, 14, and 15

• 12, 13, and 14

• 12, 14, and 16

Sectional tensions caused by westward expansion

In the Compromise of 1850, California entered as a
free state, while the new Southwestern territories
acquired from Mexico would decide on their own.

Multiple Choice

As a result of the Compromise of 1850, which territory entered the Union as a free state?

• Utah

• Texas

• California

• New Mexico

Sectional tensions caused by westward expansion

The Missouri Compromise (1820) drew an east-west
line through the Louisiana Purchase, with slavery
prohibited above the line and allowed below, except
that slavery was allowed in Missouri, north of the
line. Maine was admitted as a free state in 1820. The
purpose of the Missouri Compromise was to balance
power in the Senate between free and slave states.

Also known as
the
Compromise
of 1820

Multiple Select

Identify three components of the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

• Maine joined the nation as a free state.

• Slavery was banned in the Louisiana Territory south of 36°30' parallel.

• Missouri joined the nation as a slave state.

• A voting process for the admission of new states was established.

• Slavery was banned in the Louisiana Territory north of 36°30' parallel.