C1: States of Matter

C1: States of Matter

Mr. Jake P. Villagonzalo

Learning Objectives

CORE:
1. State the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases

2. Describe the structure of solids, liquids and gases

3. Describe the change of state in terms of melting, evaporation, freezing and condensation

4. Demonstrate understanding of the terms atom, molecule and ion.

Learning Objectives

SUPPLEMENTARY:

1. Explain change of state in terms kinetic particle theory, including the interpretation of heating and cooling curves
2. Explain in terms of kinetic potential theory, the effects of temperature and pressure on the volume of a gas

Direction:

​For this assignment, you can use both the science coursebook and the video attached in this lesson. Find the lesson in your science book, pages 252-262. It is highly suggested not to skip the video and take down some important information.

There are many different kinds of MATTER.

Substance can exist in three different forms or physical states depending on conditions. These three different states of matter are known as;

SOLID
LIQUID
GAS

Matter is anything that has a mass and it occupies the space.

The materials and substances that found in our universe are made of matter. They all have two properties:

a. mass
b. volume (occupies space)

Changing the temperature and/or pressure can change the state in which a substance exists.

Each of the different physical states has certain general characteristics that are true whatever chemical substance is being considered.


Read more information in your science coursebook, pages 253-262.

Multiple Choice

Which one does NOT show an example of matter?

• fire

• river

• air

• pebbles

Multiple Choice

The states of matter can never be changed to its different phase or physical state?

• TRUE

• FALSE

Read me:

​The next slide is an attached video about this lesson-STATES OF MATTER. It is advised not to skip the video, rather take down some important information to help you learn and understand the properties of the states of matter.

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Multiple Choice

Which among the following states of matter that has the highest energy?

• solid

• liquid

• gas

Multiple Choice

Which among the following states of matter that has the highest density?

• solid

• liquid

• gas

Multiple Choice

Which states of matter that particles are arranged tightly close with each other and only vibrates around at a fixed position?

• solid

• liquid

• gas

Multiple Choice

Which states of matter that particles are moving freely, randomly and quickly?

• solid

• liquid

• gas

Multiple Choice

Which states of matter that particles are moving past each other?

• solid

• liquid

• gas

Read me:

​In the next slide, you will have to pause/stop in moving to the next slide to complete the work exercise or worksheet given by your teacher. The next slide after, will show or present the answer of the exercise. It is highly suggested to complete the assignment on the worksheet before you move forward. Try not to use sources.

​Marking Scheme is found in the next slide. Do not move unless you have already completed the exercise.

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The next slide will show or present you the summary of information of the different properties or characteristics of the different states of matter.

Take note of some important vocabulary to use in the assessment and exam.

Multiple Choice

Which one among the choices that has a fixed shape and a fixed volume?

Hence, this states of matter is ______________.

Choose the correct answer of the question, and complete the sentence above.

• solid; compressible

• liquid; compressible

• gas; incompressible

• solid; incompressible

Multiple Select

Which states of matter that has a fixed or definite volume?

Select all that applies.

• solid

• liquid

• gas

Multiple Choice

Which states of matter that is compressible?

• solid

• liquid

• gas

Multiple Select

Which states of matter that the particles can flow and assume the shapes of its container?

Select all that applies.

• solid

• liquid

• gas

Multiple Choice

Which states of matter that particles move randomly, quickly and has more collisions?

• solid

• liquid

• gas

Multiple Choice

Which states of matter that is less dense than solid but denser than gas?

• solid

• liquid

• gas

Multiple Choice

Solids have a __________ volume and ___________ shape.

• Definite, Definite

• Definite, Indefinite

• Indefinite, Definite

• Indefinite, Indefinite

Multiple Choice

Gases have a __________ volume and ___________ shape.

• Definite, Definite

• Definite, Indefinite

• Indefinite, Definite

• Indefinite, Indefinite

Multiple Select

Which among the following choices below present or describe best the arragement of solid particles?

Select all that applies.

• closely packed

• tighly close to each other

• moving quickly and randomly

• cannot move freely and in regular pattern

• moving past each other

Multiple Select

Which among the following choices below present or describe best the arragement of liquid particles?

Select all that applies.

• close together

• tighly close to each other

• moving quickly and randomly

• cannot move freely and in regular pattern

• moving past each other

Multiple Select

Which among the following choices below present or describe best the arragement of gas particles?

Select all that applies.

• far apart from each other

• tighly close to each other

• moving quickly and randomly

• cannot move freely and in regular pattern

• has more collisions among the walls and particles

Multiple Choice

Which of the four statements describe arrangements of particles in a solid?

• 1 and 2

• 2 and 4

• 1 and 3

• 2 only

Multiple Choice

Which row correctly describes the particles of water in the air above the cup compared to those in the hot chocolate drink inside the cup?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Multiple Choice

Which statement is correct?

• in state 1, the particles vibrate around fixed positions but don't move

• diffusion occurs in the phase change from state 1 to 2

• the volume of the substance in state 3 is fixed

• condensation occurs in the phase change from state 3 to 2

Multiple Choice

Many chemical processes involve substances in either the liquid or the gaseous state.

Which of the following statements is correct?

• a specific mass of a gas has a fixed volume at room temperature

• a specific mass of a liquid has a fixed volume at room temperature

• 25 cm³ of gas contains more particles than 25 cm³ of liquid

• liquid particles placed inside a sealed container have fixed positions

Multiple Choice

Four substances are shown below.

In which of these substances are the particles close together and moving slowly past each other?

• ice

• air

• steam

• water

In your worksheet, complete this assignment by identifying the properties of solid, liquid and gas.

​

Properties of the States of Matter

​Marking Scheme is found in the next slide. Do not move unless you have already completed the exercise.

Well done for completing the exercise.

Now, mark your work and revise some section.

Properties of the States of Matter

Large increases or decreases, in temperature and pressure can cause changes that are more dramatic than expansion or contraction. They can cause a substance to change its physical state.

Change of State

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Multiple Choice

Use words from the box to show the change of state labelled X, Y and Z.

• X-freezing; Y-condensing; Z-diffusion

• X- condensing; Y- freezing; Z- boiling

• X- boiling; Y- freezing; Z- condensing

• X-boiling; Y-condensing; Z- freezing

Multiple Choice

What is occurring in the flask?

• boiling and condensing

• condensing and evaporating

• evaporating and freezing

• freezing and melting

Effects of temperature and pressure on the volume of gas

Multiple Choice

Which statement explains her observations?

• the heat increased the pressure inside the container

• the heat deformed the metal which then bent

• the heat made the container reduce in size

• more air particles entered the container

What type of change is occurring when a substance transforms from one state of matter to another?

Write your answer on the worksheet provided. See the answer of the question in the next slide. Do not move unless you are done.

​Marking Scheme is found in the next slide. Do not move unless you have already completed the exercise.

Answer:


physical change

The idea that all substance consist of very small particles, atoms, allows us to explain the structure of the three different states of matter. The different levels of freedom of movement of the particles explains some of the different features of the three states.

Kinetic Particle Theory of Matter

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Major points of the theory are:

1. All matter is made up of very small particles (different susbtances contain different types of particles, such as atoms, molecules or ions.

2. Paticles are moving all the time (the higher the temperature, the higher the average energy of the particles).

Kinetic Particle Theory of Matter

Kinetic Particle Theory of Matter

Major points of the theory are:

3. The freedom of movement and the arrangement of the particles is different for the three states of matter.

4. The pressure of gas is produced by the atoms or molecules of the gas hitting the walls of the container. The more often the particles collide with the walls, the greater the pressure.

Multiple Choice

Which words complete the gaps 1 and 2 in these sentences?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Heating and Cooling Curves

Heating and
Cooling Curves

When a solid is heated, the temperature rises until the solid starts to melt. However, close observation shows that the temperature stays constant during melting, until all solid has melted. The temperature then rises as the liquid warms further. It is possible to continue to heat the liquid in the same apparatus until its boiling point is reached. Again, once evaporation has begun, the temperature stays the same until all liquid has completely evaporated.

You can read more information in your science coursebook about how to interpret heating and cooling curve in pages, 259-262.

Then, you can answer the questions after this slide.

Multiple Choice

Temperature changes during the change of state.

• TRUE

• FALSE

Multiple Choice

Which part of the graph shows the melting of the metal?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Multiple Choice

Which result shows that the liquid in the test tube is pure water?

• condensation forms at the top of the test tube

• steam is produced

• the thermometer reads 100⁰C

• there is nothing left behind in the test tube

Multiple Choice

Which process, W,X, Y and Z, is occurring in the following four situations?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Diffusion

The main ideas involved in diffusion are:

1. particles move from a region of higher concentration on towards a region of lower concentration; eventually, the particles are evenly spread. Their concentration is the same throughout.

2. The rate of diffusion in liquids is much slower than in gases.

3. Diffusion does not take place in solids because the particles cannot move from place to place.

​

Diffusion

The important points derived from the kinetic particle theory relevant here are:

1. heavier gas particles move more slowly than lighter particles at the same temperature

2. large molecules,therefore, diffuse more slowly than smaller ones

3. the rate of diffusion is inversely related to the mass of the the particles.

4. the average speed of the particles increases with an increase in temperature.

​

Mass and Diffusion

Describe diffusion, using the words in the box

Write your answer on the worksheet provided. See the answer of the question in the next slide. Do not move unless you are done.

​Marking Scheme is found in the next slide. Do not move unless you have already completed the exercise.

​Answer:

Explain two factors which would affect the rate of diffusion

Write your answer on the worksheet provided. See the answer of the question in the next slide. Do not move unless you are done.

​Marking Scheme is found in the next slide. Do not move unless you have already completed the exercise.

​Answer:

An ice cube is heated in a saucepan.

Explain what happens to the particles in the ice cube as the temperature increases.

Write your answer on the worksheet provided. See the answer of the question in the next slide. Do not move unless you are done.

​Marking Scheme is found in the next slide. Do not move unless you have already completed the exercise.

​Answer:

Explain what happens when the water reaches its boiling point.

Write your answer on the worksheet provided. See the answer of the question in the next slide. Do not move unless you are done.

​Marking Scheme is found in the next slide. Do not move unless you have already completed the exercise.

​Answer:

Multiple Choice

A student noted the following observation in his laboratory notebook: "The particles moved slowly from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration".

Which process is being described?

• diffusuion of substance in a liquid

• the particles of a solid during melting

• a liquid being frozen

• diffusion of a substance through air

Multiple Choice

Which row correctly describes the processes taking place?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Multiple Choice

Which diagram shows the process of diffusion?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Multiple Choice

Which process has occurred?

• chemical reaction

• condensation

• diffusion

• evaporation

Multiple Choice

Which statement describes what happens to these molecules next?

• the molecules fall to the ground because they are heavier than air molecules

• the molecules go back together as they cool

• the molecules spread further into the air

• the molecules stay where they are

Multiple Choice

Which gas diffuses at a faster rate and why?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Multiple Choice

Which line on the diagram correctly shows where the ammonium chloride is formed?

• A

• B

• C

• D

You can redo the assignment to ensure mastery.

Refer to your science coursebook to learn more about States of Matter, pages 251-271.

Turn to the next slide to complete another important learning activity.

​

​This is the end of the lesson.

States of Matter Revision Test Multiple Choice

Now, complete a revision/mastery test by clicking through this link: