Regulation of Gene Expression

Genetics

The study of the inheritance of

genes.

What is DNA?

The code that is read to

determine traits.

DNA Replication

Every cell in a single organism has the exact

same DNA in every cell.

The Cell Cycle

A highly regulated series of events in which a
cell grows and divides into 2 identical cells.

Checkpoints

• G1

– Cell Size
– Environmental Conditions
– DNA Damage

• G2

– DNA Damage
– DNA Replication

• M

– Spindle fiber formation

Multiple Choice

What does NOT happen during interphase?

• growth
• DNA replication 
• obtaining nutrients
• cell divison

Multiple Choice

Cells spend the majority of their lives in

• Interphase
• Mitosis
• Synthesis 
• Gap 2

Multiple Choice

Cells of organisms must go through cell division for?

• growth

• repair of damaged cells

• replacement of dying cells.

• All of these

Multiple Choice

DNA is replicated during ______ of the cell cycle.

• Gap 1

• Synthesis (S phase)

• Gap 2

• Gap 0

Multiple Choice

What occurs during G1?

• Checkpoint after S phase
• Chromosomes line up at the equator.
• The cell grows and develops.
• Spindle fibers separate chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell. 

Multiple Choice

In mitosis, the two resulting cells are

• different from the starting cell and identical to each other.
• different from the starting cell and different from each other.
• identical to the starting cell and different from each other.
• identical to the starting cell and identical to each other.

Multiple Choice

Put the following stages of the cell cycle in order: G2, S, G1, M. 

• G1, S, G2, M
• S, G1, G2, M
• G1, M, G2, S
• M, G1, S, G2

Every cell in a single organism has the exact

same DNA but looks and acts different.

Genetics

• DNA: blueprint for traits

• Cell Cycle: copies DNA and creates

more cells containing that DNA.

DNA Traits

DNA is just the blueprint for the construction

of proteins which ultimately display traits.

The Central Dogma

The flow of genetic information from

DNA to Proteins.

Proteins are what ultimately determine our traits.

​Genes are small segments of DNA that code for specific proteins.

Proteins play essential roles in ALL biological organisms.

Protein Synthesis

The process of creating a
protein based on the code from DNA

Protein Synthesis

• Transcription: an mRNA copy is made in the

nucleus based on the DNA code.

• Translation: mRNA travels to the ribosome

where it is read and tRNA brings amino
acids over to build proteins.

Multiple Choice

What are the two steps of protein synthesis (in order)?

• Translation and Replication

• Transcription and Translation

• Replication and Transcription

• Replication and Mitosis

Multiple Choice

What is the central dogma of biology?

• The flow of ATP to energize living tissue.

• The flow of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA to making a protein.

• The process of DNA replication for mitosis.

• The entirety of life on Earth.

Multiple Choice

Which organelle is the site where translation occurs?

• ribosomes

• tRNA

• mRNA

• lysosomes

Multiple Choice

Which describes the functions of proteins in living things?

• structural, transport, signaling, catalysts, etc.

• stores and transmits genetic information

• stores energy and makes up cell membranes

• quick energy and forming cell structure