Unit 2: DNA & Heredity Review

LS1-1 Protein Synthesis
LS3-2 Genetics and Diversity
LS3-3 Inheritance

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DNA & Heredity

DNA Replication

​

​Protein Synthesis

• Transcription

  • DNA → RNA

• Translation

  • RNA → Protein

​Protein Synthesis

Match

Match the following

• Polymerase

• Ligase

• Primase

• Helicase

builds the complimentary DNA strand

bonds DNA fragments together

Indicates whee DNA replication begins

"unzips" the DNA

• builds the complimentary DNA strand

• bonds DNA fragments together

• Indicates whee DNA replication begins

• "unzips" the DNA

Reorder

Reorder the following

• DNA is unzipped

• Primase marks region to begin replication

• Polymerase builds complimentary DNA strand

• Ligase bonds DNA fragments

1

2

3

4

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4

Dropdown

After replication, each strand has new ​ ​

Select answer

strand(s) and ​

Select answer

old strand(s).

Multiple Choice

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

• it makes the bases that makes up DNA

• it converts the code in DNA into a protein

• it helps DNA perform replication

• it makes the amino acids used in protein synthesis

Multiple Choice

Where is mRNA made?

• in the nucleus

• in the ribosome

• in the mitochondria

• in the vacuole

Multiple Choice

The long string of bases at the bottom of the diagram is

• tRNA

• mRNA

• an anticodon

• an amino acid

Multiple Choice

The blue structure in this diagram is

• an anticodon

• DNA

• part of the ribosome

• tRNA

Multiple Choice

Transfer RNA is indicated by which structure in the diagram?

Multiple Choice

The multicolor string of circles represents

• a sugar

• a protein

• a nitrogen base

• phosphate group

Multiple Choice

The job of tRNA is to

• copy the genetic code from DNA

• bring amino acids to the ribosome

• bring the code from the DNA to the ribosome

• synthesize amino acids

Multiple Choice

Ribosomal RNA is a form of RNA that

• makes up a ribosome

• carries amino acids to the ribosome

• transfers the genetic code to the nucleus

• copies the genetic code from DNA

Multiple Choice

Which nitrogen base is not a part of RNA molecules?

• thymine

• uracil

• adenine

• cytosine

• guanine

Multiple Choice

In order for protein synthesis to occur, mRNA must leave the nucleus and travel to

• a ribosome in the cytoplasm

• a mitochondria in the cytoplasm

• a vacuole in the cytoplasm

• a chloroplast in the cytoplasm

Multiple Choice

What must happen to the DNA molecule before mRNA can be created?

• DNA must not unzip

• the 2 DNA strands must separate

• DNA needs to exchange bases with RNA

• nothing needs to happed to the DNA molecule

Multiple Choice

What enzyme in the nucleus helps mRNA form?

• DNA polymerase

• RNA polymerase

• pepsin

• nuclease

Match

Match the following terms with their definitions

• protein synthesis

• transcription

• translation

• cellular respiration

the making of proteins

converting DNA code into RNA code

converting RNA code into a protein

process that produces energy

• the making of proteins

• converting DNA code into RNA code

• converting RNA code into a protein

• process that produces energy

Reorder

Place the steps below in the correct order.

• transcription

• mRNA travels to the ribosome

• translation

• new protein is created

1

2

3

4

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4

Labelling

Place the label on the correct structure.

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

polypeptide chain (protein)

codon

anticodon

ribosome

tRNA

mRNA

• Interphase

  • G1

  • S Phase

  • G2

• Meiosis I

  • Prophase I

  • Metaphase I

  • Anaphase I

  • Telophase I

  • Cytokinesis

• Meiosis II

  • Prophase II

  • Metaphase II

  • Anaphase II

  • Telophase II

  • Cytokinesis

​

Genetics & Diversity

• Types of Mutations

  • Substitution

  • Insertion

  • Deletion

• Effects of Mutations

  • Silence

  • Missense

  • Frameshift

  • Nonsense

Genetics & Diversity

• Impacts

  • Beneficial

  • Neutral

  • Negative

• Chromosomal Mutations

  • Duplication

  • Inversion

  • Deletion 

  • Translocation

​

Match

Match the following for mitosis and meiosis.

• PMAT happens once or twice

• makes 4 genetically different cells

• Sister Chromatids (already crossed over) pull apart

• Homologous Chromosomes pulled apart & Independent assortment

• makes 2 identical cells

Mitosis & Meiosis

Meiosis

Anaphase 2 of Meiosis

Anaphase 1 of Meiosis

Mitosis

• Mitosis & Meiosis

• Meiosis

• Anaphase 2 of Meiosis

• Anaphase 1 of Meiosis

• Mitosis

Multiple Choice

2 diploid (2n) daughter cells form in what phase of Meiosis?

• Telophase 2

• Telophase/Cytokinesis 1

• Anaphase 2

• Cytokinesis 2

Multiple Select

Which of the following are CORRECT observations about MITOSIS and MEIOSIS? (Check all that apply.)

• Mitosis produces cells that identical to the parent cell.

• Meiosis produces cells that have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

• All cells go through INTERPHASE as part of the cell cycle, whether it goes to mitosis or meiosis next.

• In both types of cell division, the chromosomes are only duplicated once.

• Only in Mitosis, do you see chromosomes pair up to form a tetrad.

Multiple Choice

Name this phase of Meiosis:

• Prophase II

• Metaphase I

• Metaphase II

• Anaphase II

Multiple Choice

In Anaphase II, the _________ separate.

• Homologues

• Sister Chromatids

• Tetrads

• Centrioles

Multiple Choice

how many chromosomes do human gametes have?

• 46

• 23

• 18

• 36

Multiple Choice

Crossing over usually occurs between:

• Sister Chromatids

• Homologous Chromosomes

• Alleles

• Non-Homologous Chromosomes

Multiple Choice

This image shows chromosomes during Prophase 1. Which of the following correctly describes the process shown?

• segregation of sister chromatids
• condensation and segregation of alleles
• mutationin which the DNA content of the gene is altered
• crossing - over in which alleles are exchanged

Multiple Choice

What phase is shown here?

• Telophase I
• Metaphase II
• Telophase II
• Anaphase I

Multiple Choice

Name this phase of Meiosis:

• Telophase I

• Prophase II

• Telophase II

• Anaphase II

Multiple Choice

Name the phase:

• Telophase I

• Metaphase I

• Anaphase II

• Metaphase II

Multiple Choice

In Metaphase II, _________ line up on equatorial plane.

• homologous pairs of chromosomes

• single chromosomes (made up of 2 sister chromatids)

• tetrads

• centrosomes

Multiple Choice

Which part of MEIOSIS is more similar to MITOSIS?

• Meiosis I

• Meiosis II

Multiple Choice

Name this phase of Meiosis

• Anaphase II

• Anaphase I

• Metaphase I

• Metaphase II

Multiple Choice

In which stage of MEIOSIS does crossing over occur? (The exchange of genetic material between chromosomes in a tetrad.)

• Anaphase I

• Metaphase I

• Prophase I

• Telophase I

Multiple Select

In which cell(s) will meiosis occur? (Check all that apply)

• muscle cell

• gamete

• sperm cell

• skin cell

Multiple Choice

What describes a change in the DNA sequence?

• Transcription

• Translation

• DNA replication

• Mutation

• Apoptosis

Multiple Choice

What describes programmed cell death?

• Transcription

• Translation

• DNA replication

• Mutation

• Apoptosis

Multiple Choice

What type of mutation involves substituting a DNA base with a different base?

• point mutation

• frameshift mutation

• silent mutation

• chromosomal mutation

Multiple Choice

What type of mutation involves substituting a DNA base with a different base but still forms the same protein?

• point mutation

• frameshift mutation

• silent mutation

• chromosomal mutation

Multiple Choice

What type of mutation involves adding or deleting bases from the DNA, which results in new codons (a shift in the reading of the codons)?

• point mutation

• frameshift mutation

• silent mutation

• chromosomal mutation

Multiple Choice

Original DNA = TAC GAC TTG AAT

Mutated DNA = TAC GAC TCG AAT

What type of mutation has occurred?

• Chromosomal mutation

• Point mutation

• Frameshift mutation

• No mutation occurred

Multiple Choice

Original DNA = TAC GAC TTG AAT

Mutated DNA = TAC GTA CTT GAA T

What type of mutation has occurred?

• Chromosomal mutation

• Point mutation

• Frameshift mutation due to adding extra base

• Frameshift mutation due to deletion of base

Multiple Choice

Original DNA = TAC GAC TTG AAT

Mutated DNA = TAC GAC TTG AAT

What type of mutation has occurred?

• Chromosomal mutation

• Point mutation

• Frameshift mutation

• No mutation occurred

Multiple Choice

What type of chromosomal mutation occurred?

• chromosomal insertion/duplication

• chromosomal deletion

• chromosomal inversion

• chromosomal translocation

Multiple Choice

What type of chromosomal mutation occurred?

• chromosomal insertion/duplication

• chromosomal deletion

• chromosomal inversion

• chromosomal translocation

Multiple Choice

What type of chromosomal mutation occurred?

• chromosomal insertion/duplication

• chromosomal deletion

• chromosomal inversion

• chromosomal translocation

Multiple Choice

What type of chromosomal mutation occurred?

• chromosomal insertion/duplication

• chromosomal deletion

• chromosomal inversion

• chromosomal translocation

Multiple Choice

Original DNA = TAC GAC TTG AAT

Mutated DNA = TAC ACT TGA AT

What type of mutation has occurred?

• Chromosomal mutation

• Point mutation

• Frameshift mutation due to addition of base

• Frameshift mutation due to deletion of base

Multiple Choice

What are considered "negative" mutations?

• mutations in the DNA sequence that changes the resulting protein and harms the organism

• mutations in the DNA sequence that changes the resulting protein and benefits the organism

• mutations in the DNA sequence that produces the same protein

• all mutations are considered bad and harm the organisms

Multiple Choice

What are considered "positive" mutations?

• mutations in the DNA sequence that changes the resulting protein and harms the organism

• mutations in the DNA sequence that changes the resulting protein and benefits the organism

• mutations in the DNA sequence that produces the same protein

• all mutations are considered bad and harm the organisms

Multiple Choice

What are considered neutral mutations?

• mutations in the DNA sequence that changes the resulting protein and harms the organism

• mutations in the DNA sequence that changes the resulting protein and benefits the organism

• mutations in the DNA sequence that produces the same protein

• all mutations are considered bad and harm the organisms

Match

Match the following

• Mutation

• Point mutation

• Frameshift mutation

• Silent mutation

• Chromosomal mutation

a change in the DNA sequence

a type of mutation where one to few bases are substituted with different bases

a type of mutation caused by adding or deleting bases, affecting all the codons after the change

a type of mutation that doesn't result in a change in the amino acid sequence (same protein)

a type of mutation where large sections of the chromosome are affected

• a change in the DNA sequence

• a type of mutation where one to few bases are substituted with different bases

• a type of mutation caused by adding or deleting bases, affecting all the codons after the change

• a type of mutation that doesn't result in a change in the amino acid sequence (same protein)

• a type of mutation where large sections of the chromosome are affected

• Dominant

• Recessive

• Genotype

• Phenotype

• Heterozygous (hybrid)

• Homozygous (purebred)

• Allele

• Homologous Chromosomes

• Tetrad

• Diploid

• Haploid

• Codominance

• Incomplete Dominance

• Multiple Allele

​

Inheritance

• Mendellian

​

Inheritance

• Nonmendellian

​

• X-linked Traits

​

Inheritance

• Multiple Alleles

​

• Pedigrees

​

Inheritance

Multiple Choice

A trait is...

• a pair of alleles that are different

• a gene

• a quality or aspect about a person

• a pair of alleles that are the same

Multiple Choice

Heredity is...

• traits that are passed down from parents to offspring

• an organism that has two different alleles for a trait

• a pair of alleles that are the same

• different variations of a gene

Multiple Choice

An allele is...

• a quality/aspect about a person

• traits that are passed down from parents to offspring

• physical appearance (what you see)

• different variations of a gene (represented by letters)

Multiple Choice

What is homozygous?

• a pair of alleles that are different

• a pair of alleles that are the same

• traits that are passed down from parents to offspring

• a quality or aspect about a person

Multiple Choice

What is heterozygous?

• a pair of alleles that are different

• a pair of alleles that are the same

• traits that are passed down from parents to offspring

• a quality or aspect about a person

Multiple Choice

What is a dominant allele?

• an allele that CAN be seen when paired with a recessive allele

• an allele that CANNOT be seen when paired with a recessive allele

• an allele that CANNOT be seen when paired with a dominant allele

• an allele that can never be seen

Multiple Choice

How do we represent a dominant allele?

• a little/lowercase letter

• a number

• a big/capital letter

• an exclamation point

Multiple Choice

What is a recessive allele?

• an allele that CAN be seen when paired with a recessive allele

• an allele that CANNOT be seen when paired with a recessive allele

• an allele that CANNOT be seen when paired with a dominant allele

• an allele that can never be seen

Multiple Choice

How do we represent a recessive allele?

• a little/lowercase letter

• a number

• a big/capital letter

• an exclamation point

Match

Match the following combinations of alleles:

• Homozygous dominant

• Homozygous recessive

• Heterozygous

DD

dd

Dd

• DD

• dd

• Dd

Multiple Choice

What is a genotype?

• an allele that can be seen when paired with a recessive allele

• a pair of alleles that are different

• physical appearance (what you see)

• the genetic makeup of an organism; represented by letters

Multiple Choice

What is a phenotype?

• an allele that can be seen when paired with a recessive allele

• a pair of alleles that are different

• physical appearance (what you see)

• the genetic makeup of an organism; represented by letters

Multiple Choice

A calico cat shows both the traits for orange fur and black fur. What kind of allele expression is this?

• Incomplete dominance

• Codominance

• Complete dominance

• Mendelian inheritance

Multiple Choice

This type of inheritance pattern is a MIXTURE of both traits, like the old theory of blending

• incomplete dominance

• co-dominance

• complete dominance

• recessive pattern

Multiple Choice

The genotypic percentage resulting from this this cross would be _____________________.

• 25% blue eye 75 % brown eye 
• BB = 25% Bb = 50% bb = 25%
• BB= 50 % bb = 50%
• All brown eye

Multiple Choice

Two heterozygous parents produce offspring. What is the probability of the HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT GENOTYPE appearing in the offspring generation?

• 75%
• 25%
• 50%
• 100%

Multiple Choice

Jim has type AB blood. His dad could be type O.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

If one of your parents is blood type A and the other is type B, which of the following blood types could you be?

• O

• AB

• A or B

• Any of these

Multiple Choice

Universal blood donors have type ______ blood.

• A
• AB
• B
• O

Multiple Choice

If this pedigree shows an autosomal recessive disorder, what MUST the genotype of individual II-3 be?

• HH
• Hh
• hh
• None of the above

Multiple Choice

What is the genotype of the mother?

• BB
• bb
• Bb
• BB or Bb

Multiple Choice

What is the mode of inheritance shown here?

• Autosomal Recessive because it "skips" a generation

• Autosomal Dominant because it shows up in every generation

• X linked because it affects females more than males

Multiple Choice

What type of disorder does this pedigree chart reflect?

• autosomal dominant

• autosomal reccessive

• sex-linked recessive

• Y-linked dominant

Dropdown

In a broad sense, the term "genotype" refers to the ​

Select answer

of an organism; in other words, it describes an organism's ​

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. In a more narrow sense, the term can be used to refer to the ​

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, or variant forms of a ​

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, that are carried by an organism.

Multiple Choice

Leonardo bet his friend Olivet that two heterozygous green-eyed sea monsters could not have a recessive blue-eyed baby sea monster. Olivet said they can have a blue-eyed sea monster.
Who wins the bet?

• Leonardo
• Olivet
• Both
• Neither

Dropdown

The presence of ​

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at a particular ​

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. A ​

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genotype may include one ​

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and one mutated allele or two different mutated alleles (compound heterozygote).

Dropdown

Gene locus is the physical site or location of a specific ​

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on a ​

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.

Dropdown

We all have two alleles, or versions, of each gene. Being ​

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for a particular gene means you inherited two identical versions. It's the opposite of a ​

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genotype, where the alleles are different. People who have recessive traits, like blue eyes or red hair, are always homozygous for that gene.

Dropdown

The gametes produced by the ​

Select answer

are at the top of the chart, and the gametes produced by the ​

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are along the side. The different possible combinations of alleles in their offspring are determined by filling in the cells of the ​

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with the correct letters (alleles).  

Dropdown

A ​

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is a scoring of the type of variant present at a given location (i.e., a locus) in the genome. It can be represented by ​

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. For example, BB, Bb, bb could be used to represent a given variant in a gene.

Dropdown

In the cross shown above, you can see that ​

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(25 percent) has the genotype PP, one out of four (25 percent) has the genotype pp, and ​

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(50 percent) have the genotype Pp. These percentages of genotypes are what you would expect in any cross between ​

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Of course, when just four offspring are produced, the actual percentages of genotypes may vary by chance from the expected percentages. However, if you considered hundreds of such crosses and thousands of offspring, you would get very close to the expected results, just like tossing a coin.

Dropdown

​

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are always expressed when the connected allele is dominant, even if only one copy of the dominant trait exists. ​

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are expressed only if both the connected alleles are recessive.

Dropdown

A Punnett square can also be used to determine a ​

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based on the other genotypes involved in a cross. Suppose you have a parent plant with purple flowers and a parent plant with white flowers. Because the p allele is r​

Select answer

, you know that the white-flowered parent must have the genotype pp. The purple-flowered parent, on the other hand, could have either the PP or the Pp genotype. The Punnett square below shows this cross. The question marks (?) in the chart could be either P or p alleles.

Multiple Choice

How many alleles does a child get from each parent for a trait?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

Which gender has an X and a Y chromosome?

• male

• female

Multiple Choice

How many individuals are there in the 3rd generation?

• 1

• 2

• 4

• 6

Multiple Choice

How are individuals III-2 and II-4 related?

• Brother and sister

• Dad and daughter

• Uncle and niece

• Grandfather and granddaughter

Multiple Choice

What is the mode of inheritance shown here?

• Recessive because it "skips" a generation

• Dominant because it shows up in every generation

Multiple Choice

The trait this pedigree traces is recessive because it skips a generation and individuals can be carriers. What is the most likely genotype for person III-3?

• GG

• Gg

• gg

Drag and Drop

This trait appears to be a ​

Placeholder

trait.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

recessive

dominate

deadly