1. Q3_W1-2_Qualitative Research_Practical Research I

Target

After going through this module, you are expected to:
a. shares research experience and knowledge CS_RS11IIIa-1
b. explains the importance of research in daily life CS_RS11IIIa-2
c. describes characteristics, processes and ethics of research CS_RS11IIIa-3
d. differentiate qualitative from quantitative research CS_RS11IIIa-4
e. provides examples of research in areas of interest CS_RS11IIIa-5
f. describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of qualitative research CS_RS11IIIa-6
g. illustrates the importance of qualitative research across fields CS_RS11IIIa-7

Pre-Test

Direction: Answer the following questions by choosing the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in a separate sheet.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT an importance of research?

• It gives as light to inquire for the right information

• It helps us develop the right attitude to not believe in anything easily

• It empowers us with knowledge and new learning

• None of these

Multiple Choice

Which importance of research is described in the statement below?

“Results of research helped us to mark out the thin line between truth and lie.”

• To make changes

• For a safer life

• To know the truth

• Gain essential information

Multiple Choice

Which importance of research is described in the statement below?

Research creates change as a result of intense study on exiting knowledge and policy.”

• To make changes

• To know the truth

• For a safer life

• Gain essential information

Multiple Choice

Which of the following refers to the characteristic of research to be orderly based on procedures and principles?

• Empirical

• Systematic

• Controlled

• Analytical

Multiple Choice

5. What characteristic of research is shown in the statement below?

“Research is based on direct experience by the researcher.”

• Empirical

• Controlled

• Systematic

• Analytical

Multiple Choice

What ethical principle in research refers to being open to criticism and new ideas?

• Honesty

• Objectivity

• Integrity

• Openness

Multiple Choice

Which if the following does not belong to the group?

• Qualities

• Behaviors

• Complexities

• Quantities

Multiple Choice

What type of questions are often times asked in a qualitative type of research?

• Why and How

• How many and What

• Why and How many

• None of these

Multiple Choice

What area of interest should you focus if you want to determine statistical profiles of the Philippine population in the past years?

• History

• Psychology

• Arts

• Sports

Multiple Choice

What area of interest should you focus if you want to determine the relationship between sales and advertisement?

• ICT

• Social Science

• Business

• Agriculture

Multiple Choice

What characteristic of qualitative research refers to the ability to seek understanding without judgement?

• Emphatic Neutrality

• Personal Experience

• Dynamic Systems

• Unique Case Orientation

Multiple Choice

Which kind of qualitative research refers to an inductive technique developed for health-related topics?

• Grounded Theory

• Case Study

• Historical Research

• Ethnography

Multiple Choice

Which kind of qualitative research refers to the systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past occurrence?

• Grounded Theory

• Historical Research

• Case Study

• Ethnography

Multiple Choice

Which kind of qualitative research refers to a detailed study of a specific subject such as person, group, place and organization?

• Grounded Theory

• Historical Research

• Case Study

• Ethnography

Multiple Choice

Which kind of qualitative research refers to a method often used in social sciences to gather data on human societies or cultures?

• Grounded Theory

• Case Study

• Historical Research

• Ethnography

Lesson 1

Importance and Characteristics of Qualitative Research

Open Ended

Jumpstart

Activity 1. Word Search Find at least five (5) hidden words in the puzzle below and try to define each. Place your answers in a separate sheet.

1.Research
2. Explore
3. Evidence
4. Quantitative
5.Information

6. Qualitative 7. Inquiry

Discover

The main purpose of research is to inform action, to prove a theory and to contribute to the developing knowledge in a field or study. It is of great importance in all fields of specialization for it helps us to seek truth, information and knowledge.

Research allows individuals to capture ways of looking at ideas and issues and to think creatively about problems that have no simple answer. It paves way to new ideas and discovery of things that will benefit man above all.

What is research?

Research is a careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using a process of inquiry. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon.

What is the importance of Research in Daily Life?

Research plays a very important role in our daily life. It gives as light to inquire for the right information. It helps us develop the right attitude to not believe in anything easily and most especially, it empowers us with knowledge and efficient learning of new things.

To assimilate more, take time to read the following significant texts showing the importance of research in our daily life.

1. Gain Essential Information: Research provides important information in the different areas of interest. It helps you get acquainted with the process and resources involved in your research.

To assimilate more, take time to read the following significant texts showing the importance of research in our daily life.

2. To Make Changes: Research creates change as a result of intense study on existing knowledge and policy.

To assimilate more, take time to read the following significant texts showing the importance of research in our daily life.

3. To Enhance the Standard of Living: New inventions are made possible through research that made the life of man comfortable. It resulted to the advancement of knowledge leading to the development in different fields like transportation and communication.

To assimilate more, take time to read the following significant texts showing the importance of research in our daily life.

4. For a Safer Life: Discoveries resulted to improved life expectancy and health conditions of human kind. New machines and drugs helped in treatment and diagnosis of different diseases..

To assimilate more, take time to read the following significant texts showing the importance of research in our daily life.

5. To Know the Truth: The results of research helped us to mark out the thin line between truth and lie.

To assimilate more, take time to read the following significant texts showing the importance of research in our daily life.

6. To Explore the History: Research enables human to learn and understand more about our forefathers and helps us learn from their mistakes and experiences.

To assimilate more, take time to read the following significant texts showing the importance of research in our daily life.

7. To Understand the Arts: Research helps us to understand and appreciate the work of artists in literature, painting and other fine arts.

Characteristics of Research

1. Empirical: Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. Most researches are based on real-life situation.

2. Systematic: Research follows an orderly procedure based on valid procedures and principles.

3. Controlled: In research, all variables except those that are tested are kept constant.

4. Analytical: Research utilizes proven analytical procedure in gathering the data.

5. Objective: Research is unbiased. All findings are logically based on data.

The Process of Research

There are a variety of approaches to research in any field of investigation, irrespective of whether it is applied research or basic research. Each particular research study will be unique in some ways because of the particular time, setting, environment, and place in which it is being undertaken.

The Process of Research

Nevertheless, all research endeavors share a common goal of furthering our understanding of the problem and thus all traverse through certain basic stages, forming a process called the research process.

An understanding of the research process is necessary to effectively carry out research and sequencing of the stages inherent in the process.

These 8 stages in the research process

1. Identifying the problem.

2. Reviewing literature.

3. Setting research questions, objectives, and hypotheses.

4. Choosing the study design.

5. Deciding on the sample design.

6. Collecting data.

7. Processing and analyzing data.

8. Writing the report.

The research process outlined is a part and parcel of a research. It is an outline of your commitment that you intend to follow in executing a research study.

Ethics in Research

Research Ethics provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research. It educates and monitors the conduct of researches to ensure high ethical standards. The following shows why is it important to adhere to the ethical norms in research:

Ethics in Research

a. Norms promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth and evidence of error.
b. Ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work.
c. Ethical norms held researchers accountable to the general public. d. Norms in research help establish public support, quality and integrity of research.

Ethical Principles in Research

a. Honesty: Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.

Ethical Principles in Research

b. Objectivity: Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.

Ethical Principles in Research

d. Carefulness: Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities.

Ethical Principles in Research

f. Respect for Intellectual Property: Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize.

Ethical Principles in Research

f. Respect for Intellectual Property: Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize.

Ethical Principles in Research

g. Confidentiality: Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.

Ethical Principles in Research

h. Responsible Publication: Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

Ethical Principles in Research

i. Responsible Mentoring: Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.

Ethical Principles in Research

j. Respect for Colleagues: Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.

Ethical Principles in Research

k. Social Responsibility: Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

Ethical Principles in Research

l. Non-Discrimination: Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.

Ethical Principles in Research

m. Competence: Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.

Ethical Principles in Research

n. Legality: Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.

Activity 1. Research in Daily Life

In a 2 to 3-minute video, discuss creatively how research made an impact to you as a student. You will be rated using a rubric found below:

Explore

Open Ended

Activity 2. The Research Process

Copy the graphic organizer below and supply the needed information showing the Process of Research.

1. Identifying the problem.

2. Reviewing literature.

3. Setting research questions, objectives, and hypotheses.

4. Choosing the study design.

5. Deciding on the sample design.

6. Collecting data.

7. Processing and analyzing data.

8. Writing the report.

Open Ended

Activity 3. The Ethics of Research

Based on what you have learned in this module, create at least five (5) situations showing the ethical principles in research. Follow the template found below:

1. Ethical Principle: __________________

Situation:___________________

Deepen

Answer the following questions based on what you have learned in this lesson. Make your answers brief yet substantial.

Open Ended

1. What is Research?

Open Ended

2. What makes research important to you as a student?

Open Ended

3. What are the things you should consider in conducting a research?

Open Ended

4. Why is it necessary for researchers to follow the process of research?

Lesson 2

Quantitative and Qualitative Research

Activity 1. Complete me!

Using a separate sheet, complete the table below by filling out the needed information.

​

Jumpstarter

Open Ended

Activity 2. Enumerate!

Enumerate at least three (3) fields of research you would like to work on using qualitative research. Place your answers in a separate sheet.

Discover

Quantitative and Qualitative Research are two broad categories in educational research. These two could differ in terms of purpose, type of data collected and others.
Quantitative Research is defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques while Qualitative Research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.!

Comparison Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Comparison Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Research studies happen in any field of knowledge depending on the interest of the researcher. You have the option to choose on what area would you like to study. Below are examples of topics in different fields that can serve as your basis when you will work on your research paper.

Examples of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Topics in the Different Areas of Interest

Research studies happen in any field of knowledge depending on the interest of the researcher. You have the option to choose on what area would you like to study. Below are examples of topics in different fields that can serve as your basis when you will work on your research paper.

Examples of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Topics in the Different Areas of Interest

Explore

Activity 1. Identify Me!

From the box found below, determine which item/s describe/s qualitative and quantitative research.

Multiple Choice

Collection of data using instruments with preset questions from large individuals

• Quantitative Research

• Qualitative Research

Multiple Choice

A type of educational research wherebthe researcher relies on the view of the participants

• Quantitative Research

• Qualitative Research

Multiple Choice

Tend to use standard fixed structures and evaluation criteria

• Quantitative Research

• Qualitative Research

Multiple Choice

Seek to understand the participants experiences

• Quantitative Research

• Qualitative Research

Multiple Choice

Researcher and their biases maybe known to participants in the study,

and participants characteristics maybe known to the researcher

• Quantitative Research

• Qualitative Research

Multiple Choice

Qualities, behaviors and complexities

• Quantitative Research

• Qualitative Research

Multiple Choice

Narrative Report with contextualdescriptions

• Quantitative Research

• Qualitative Research

Open Ended

Activity 2. Research in different fields

Enumerate at least three (3) research topics under qualitative research related to your field of specialization that you would like to work on. Write your answers in a separate sheet following the template found below:

1. Topic: __________________________________________________________________

2. Topic: __________________________________________________________________

3. Topic: __________________________________________________________________

Deepen

Answer the following questions based on what you have learned in this lesson. Make your answers brief yet substantial.

Open Ended

2. What are the similarities between quantitative and qualitative research?

Open Ended

3. What areas of concern would you like to study using qualitative type of research?

Lesson 3

Jumpstart

Activity 1. Unscramble me!

Unscramble the letters to determine the word/s and term/s hidden. Define each term after. Write your answers in a separate sheet following the template below.

Fill in the Blank

1. ATAD: _______________

Definition:_____________

Fill in the Blank

CDMYNIA SMSSYTE: ______________

Definition:______________________

Fill in the Blank

3. MEERGNTE: _____________

Definition:_____________

Fill in the Blank

UIQALATTIEV ESRAECHR: _________________

Definition:___________________________

Fill in the Blank

EESRAHRC: ________________

Definition:__________________

Discover

Qualitative Research is commonly called interpretative research. Its method relies heavily on “thick” verbal description of a particular context being studied. Generally speaking, qualitative research spends a great deal of time in the setting being studied; rely on themselves as the main instrument of data collection; and analyze data using interpretative lenses.

Characteristics of Qualitative Research

Design

a. Naturalistic: refers to studying real-world situations as they unfold naturally; nonmanipulative and noncontrolling; the researcher is open to whatever emerges.

b. Emergent: acceptance of adapting inquiry as understanding deepens and/or situations change; the researcher avoids rigid designs that eliminate responding to opportunities to pursue new paths of discovery as they emerge.

c. Purposeful: cases for study are selected because they are “information rich” and illuminative. That is, they offer useful manifestations of the phenomenon of interest; sampling is aimed at insight about the phenomenon, not empirical generalization derived from a sample and applied to a population.

Collection of Data

a. Personal experience and engagement: The researcher has direct contact with and gets close to the people, situation, and phenomenon under investigation.

b. Empathic neutrality: An empathic stance in working with study respondents seek vicarious understanding without judgment [neutrality] by showing openness, sensitivity, respect, awareness, and responsiveness; in observation, it means being fully present [mindfulness].

c. Dynamic systems: There is attention to process; assumes change is ongoing, whether the focus is on an individual, an organization, a community, or an entire culture, therefore, the researcher is mindful of and attentive to system and situational dynamics.

Analysis

a. Unique case orientation: Assumes that each case is special and unique.

b. Inductive analysis: Immersion in the details and specifics of the data to discover important patterns, themes, and inter-relationships; begins by exploring, then confirming findings, guided by analytical principles rather than rules.

c. Holistic perspective: The whole phenomenon under study is understood as a complex system that is more than the sum of its parts; the focus is on complex interdependencies and system dynamics that cannot be reduced in any meaningful way to linear, cause and effect relationships and/or a few discrete variables.

Analysis

d. Context sensitive: Places findings in a social, historical, and temporal context; researcher is careful about the possibility or meaningfulness of generalizations across time and space; emphasizes careful comparative case analyses and extrapolating patterns for possible transferability and adaptation in new settings.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Research

Qualitative Research is more focused on exploring the issues, understanding the actual problem and enabling oneself to answer all the questions. It is more dependent on deriving the value of variables in their natural setting. The data via this method is collected by asking open ended questions and serving with the direct quotations. Qualitative can be beneficial in the following ways:

Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Research

a. All the problems and the topics covered under this research are in detail.

b. This method majorly focuses on small groups which ultimately do not require more expenses when compared to quantitative research.

c. On the emergence of new developed information and findings, the revision, direction and framework of the data can be done easily quickly.

d. The data is collected from a small group which bounds it to be universal for a large population.

e. The data with this method is collected based on genuine efforts and gives a clear vision on what can be expected.

Weaknesses of Qualitative Research

a. As the data is collected for a small group, due to which assumptions cannot be made beyond the small group of people.

b. It becomes difficult to demonstrate, maintain and assess the rigidity of the data.

c. Collection of statistical data is not easy and cannot be done solely by using this method.

d. As the data is in big quantity, analysis and interpretation of the data takes much time.

e. The responses of the subjects might be affected as the researchers are bound to be present during the process of data gathering.

Kinds of Qualitative Research

a. Ethnography

A qualitative research method often used in the social sciences that is often used in gathering data on human societies/cultures. Ethnography, simply stated, is the study of people in their own environment through the use of methods such as participant observation and face-to-face interviewing. Data collection is done through participant observation, interviews and questionnaires.

Kinds of Qualitative Research

b. Phenomenology

Describes the structure of experience as they present themselves to consciousness, without resources to theory, deductions or assumptions from other discipline such as the social sciences. It seeks to achieve deep understanding of the phenomenon by rigorous and systematic examination of it. Its purpose is to describe essence of lived experiences.

Kinds of Qualitative Research

c. Grounded Theory

An inductive technique developed for health-related topics. It is emerged from the discipline of sociology. The term “grounded” means that the theory developed from the research is grounded or has its roots from the data from which It has derived.s.

Kinds of Qualitative Research

d. Historical Research

Historical Research is the systemic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past occurrence.

Kinds of Qualitative Research

e. Case Study

A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. It is used to test theoretical models by using it in real world situation.

Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields

a. Social Work

Qualitative Research Studies in social work represents the best available research on emerging problems or application of evidence to diverse population.

Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields

b. Marketing

Qualitative research in marketing can be used to test new ideas or products and to gain a realistic view of how customers or clients would react to that particular product.

Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields

c. Business

Data from quantitative research such as market size, demographics, and user preferences provide important information for business decisions. Qualitative research provides valuable data for use in the design of a product including data about user needs, behavior patterns, and use cases.

Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields

d. Sports

The results of qualitative research can inform stakeholders about facilitators and obstacles to exercise, motivation and adherence, the influence of experiences, beliefs, disability and capability on physical activity, exercise engagement and performance, and to test strategies that maximize physical performance.

Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields

e. Medicine

The goal of qualitative research is to help us gain an understanding as to how or why certain things occur. Qualitative research seeks that understanding through observation and interviews, both of which provide insight into the research question.

Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields

f. Psychology

Qualitative research is an important alternative to quantitative research in psychology. It generally involves asking broader research questions, collecting more detailed data (e.g., interviews), and using non-statistical analyses..

Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields

g. Arts

Qualitative is important in arts since with the use of this research people could be able to reach new ideas and conclusions which will help people improve arts and discover new techniques and any other more.

Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields

h. Literature

The way one deals with the literature plays a crucial and guiding role in the iterative process between theory and data because it determines how existing theories are dealt with in the design and conduct of research. As such, considerations as to when and how to use the literature acquire great importance.

Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields

i. Agriculture and Fisheries

Interviews are a key element of qualitative research fisheries scientists may incorporate to improve understanding of why fisheries operate as they do, and what the effects of policy changes are likely to be.

Open Ended

Explore

Activity 1. Show Me!

Complete the graphic organizer below by filling out the blanks showing the salient characteristics of qualitative research. Use a separate sheet for you answer.

Open Ended

Activity 2. Give me!

Search for studies conducted by researchers under the kinds of qualitative research. Follow the template below for your answers.

Deepen

Answer the following questions based on what you have learned in this lesson. Make your answers brief yet substantial.

Open Ended

1. Briefly discuss the characteristics, kinds, strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research.

Open Ended

2. Is qualitative research important? Explain briefly and site examples.

Open Ended

3. What do you think is the importance of Qualitative Research in your filed of specialization?

Gauge

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in a separate sheet.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a function of research?

• Describe

• Explain

• Predict

• All of these

Multiple Choice

Which of these is NOT an importance of research in our daily life?

• Gain unessential information

• Know the truth

• Make changes

• Safer life

Multiple Choice

Which of the following characteristics of research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data?

• Empirical

• Controlled

• Systematic

• Analytical

Multiple Choice

Is it important to follow the research process in conducting a research work?

• No, for it will just add up to your stress in writing your research paper.

• No, because you can start right away with the last step to finish the research work in a short span of time.

• Yes, to effectively carry out the research work and to be systematic in writing your research paper.

• Yes, because it is what is required.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following does not belong to the group?

• Images

• Words

• Objects

• Numbers

Multiple Choice

What form of data is being collected in qualitative research?

I. Interview results II. Observations and Notes III. Experiment results

• I only

• I and II

• I, II and III

• II only

Multiple Choice

Which importance of research is described in the statement below?

“Results of research helped us to mark out the thin line between truth and lie.”

• To make changes

• To know the truth

• For a safer life

• Gain essential information

Multiple Choice

What area of research is employed if you wanted to study the Effectiveness of

a Newly Discovered Drug?

• Medicine

• Arts

• Sports

• History

Multiple Choice

What area of research is employed if you wanted to study the behavior of children listening to a particular genre of music?

• Medicine

• Arts

• Sports

• Psychology

Multiple Choice

What characteristic of qualitative research is employed in the situation

below?

“Studying real-world situation as it unfolds naturally”

• Naturalistic

• Emergent

• Purposefu

• Dynamic

Multiple Choice

Which of the following refers to a detailed study of a specific subject such as person, group, place, event and phenomenon?

• Case Study

• Grounded Theory

• Ethnography

• Phenomenology

Multiple Choice

Which of these refers to the systematic collection of data related to past occurrences?

• Case Study

• Grounded Theory

• Ethnography

• Historical

Multiple Choice

Which of the following refers to the importance of qualitative research in Social Work?

• It represents the best available research on emerging problem or application of evidence in diverse population.

• Used in testing new ideas of product and to gain a realistic view of how customers would react to a product.

• Used in order for people to reach new ideas and conclusion for people to improve their art.

• Used to improve understanding policy changes in the field of fisheries.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following refers to the importance of qualitative research in Arts?

• It represents the best available research on emerging problem or application of evidence in diverse population.

• Used in testing new ideas of product and to gain a realistic view of how customers would react to a product.

• Used in order for people to reach new ideas and conclusion for people to improve their art.

• Used to improve understanding policy changes in the field of fisheries.