Biochem Day 2: Carbohydrates

EQ: How do Carbohydrates Function?

Match

Match the following prefixes to the proper meanings

• Mono

• Poly

• Tri

• Di

• Saccharide

One

Many

Three

Two

Sugar

• One

• Many

• Three

• Two

• Sugar

Multiple Choice

The 3 categories of carbohydrates are:

• Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

• glucose, fructose, galatose

• starch, cellulose, chitin

• There are no categories of carbohydrates

Multiple Choice

The following figure is illustrating

• Dehydration Synthesis

• Hydrolysis

Drag and Drop

For a molecule to be considered organic, it must contain​

Placeholder

and​

Placeholder

​

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Chlorine

Carbon

Hydrogen

Multiple Choice

Which term is the opposite of digestion?

• Regulation

• Transport

• Growth

• Synthesis

Notes: What are Carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are organic compounds that contain the elements: C, H, and O in a ratio of 1C 2H 1O (ie: C-H2O, “carbo= cabon, “hydrates”= water which has a H:O ratio 2:1)

Carbohydrates are broken down ( by HYDROLYSIS) or used directly to provide cells with IMMEDIATE Energy

Several foods that are good sources of carbohydrates include:

• Bread, Potatoes, Fruits

  • Starch (Complex Carbohydrates)

• Honey, Candy, Syrup

  • Simple Sugar

Notes: What are Simple Sugars?

The simplest carbohydrates are simple sugars or monosaccharides. Foods that contain only monosaccharides taste very sweet, like candy and honey.

Monosaccharides are also monomers/subunits ( building blocks) of the more complex carbohydrates.

The most common example of a monosaccharide is Glucose

The names for sugars end in the letters –OSE.  Some other examples of simple sugars are fructose & galactose.  

GLUCOSE, GALACTOSE, FRUCTOSE are ISOMERS (HAVE THE SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA- C6H12O6 but different structures) 

​SUGAR ISOMERS
The same formula but different structures

Fill in the Blanks

Notes: How are Complex Carbs Made?

Complex Carbohydrates are made by the process of Synthesis. Synthesis is the process by which smaller molecules are combined to make larger molecules. The smaller molecules that are combined to make larger complex carbohydrates are Monosarcharides, which are the monomers of complex carbohydrates. Sometimes monosaccharides are referred to as simple sugars or glucose molecules.

Multiple Choice

To identify a carbohydrate, the ratio you're looking for is

• 1C 1H 1O

• 2C 1H 2O

• 1C 1H 2O

• 1C 2H 1O

Notes: Can this happen in sugars?

Two monosaccharide molecules can join by the process of synthesis (usually dehydration synthesis {where the reaction removes a water molecule}) to form a double sugar or disaccharide (Di=2). An example of a disaccharide is maltose.

The molecular formula of maltose is C12H22O11. Notice the ratio is still 1C 2H 1O

Answer the following on your whiteboards

In the blanks, write the word equation for the dehydration synthesis _________+ ___________->_________+ _______
What is the name of the monosaccharides that are joined to form the disaccharide? _______________
What is the name of the disaccharide that is formed? __________________
What are the reactants of the reaction shown above?
_________________ + _________________
What are the products of the reaction shown above?
______________ + ____________________
Disaccharide

Answer the following on your whiteboards

In the blanks, write the word equation for the dehydration synthesis Monosaccharide+ Monosaccharide->Disaccharide+ Water
What is the name of the monosaccharides that are joined to form the disaccharide? Glucose
What is the name of the disaccharide that is formed? Maltose
What are the reactants of the reaction shown above?
Glucose + Glucose
What are the products of the reaction shown above?
Maltose+ Water

Multiple Choice

Sugars end in

• -ose

• -use

• -ise

• -ide

Notes: So....polysaccharides are a thing....?

Carbs can get WILDLY complex. The process of dehydration synthesis can continue repeatedly until a chain of many Monosaccharides is formed.
Polysaccharide molecules are chains composed of many monosaccharides connected by covalent bonds. So, they are called polymers. The monosaccharides are therefore monomers (building blocks) of polysaccharides

Notes: What are some types of polysaccharides?

Starch is a molecule made by plants to store excess glucose molecules made during Photosynthesis. When animals eat it, the starch molecules are broken down by the process of digestion, producing molecules of glucose, which can be used for energy.
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Bonus point if you can answer this on your whiteboard: Which life process further breaks down each glucose molecule to release the energy stored in its chemical bonds?

Notes: What are some types of polysaccharides?

Plants also make Cellulose. Cellulose is the major component of Cell Walls. Many animals lack the enzyme needed to digest cellulose (including humans)! It passes through the digestive tract unchanged. Plant fiber is composed mainly of cellulose. The undigestible plant fiber is sometimes referred to as roughage. Some animals can digest cellulose, such as cows and termites, due to their digestive tract housing microorganisms that do have the enzyme needed to digest it. This is a mutualistic relationship

Notes: What are some types of polysaccharides?

Glycogen is made by animals. Many animals (including humans) make glycogen to remove excess glucose molecules from the bloodstream and store it. Glycogen is stored in the liver. When blood sugar (glucose) is low, the liver responds by breaking down glycogen to release glucose back into the bloodstream This process serves to maintain a constant level of sugar in the blood. This is an example of homeostasis (constant internal conditions) Glycogen is branched.

Notes: What are some types of polysaccharides?

Chitin molecules are similar in structure to cellulose molecules. Like cellulose, chitin forms a rigid support structure Chitin makes up the exoskeletons of arthropods (animals with more than 4 legs), some mollusks, algae, and nematodes, and is also found in the cell walls of most fungi

Multiple Choice

Which polysaccharide makes up the exoskeleton of insects?

• cellulose

• starch

• chitin

• glycogen

Practice: Fill in the table below​

Draw

Circle the Carbohydrates

Multiple Choice

Which polysaccharide is used by plants to make their cell wall?

• starch

• glycogen

• cellulose

• chitin

Match

Match the following

Disaccharide

Polysaccharide

Monosaccharide

• Disaccharide

• Polysaccharide

• Monosaccharide

Multiple Choice

Carbohydrates are made of... 

• C H O
• C H O N
• C H O N P
• C H O N S

Exit Ticket:

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate such as starch?  i.e. what are the repeating units?