Untitled Lesson

Let’s chat!

Cer’Princeton A. Harden

@cerharden

@cerharden

[e-mail]

Universe
Galaxy
Nebula
Star
Planet
Moon

Unicorns
Get
New
Science
Projects
Monthly

3 types of
Galaxies

Characterized by their shape

● Elliptical

● Spiral

● Irregular

Spiral Galaxy

Spiral galaxies look like spirals, with long arms
with lots of dust and gas winding toward a
bright bulge at the center that is filled with old
stars and little dust.

Irregular Galaxy

Do not have a lot of common features. Many of them are the
results of galaxy collisions or near misses. One type of
irregular galaxy is called a "starburst galaxy." Starburst
galaxies shine brightly as many new stars are born in a short
period of time.

Elliptical Galaxy

Elliptical galaxies have very little gas and dust.
Since stars form from gas, little star formation
occurs in elliptical galaxies. Most of their stars
are old and red.

Hertzsprung Russell Diagram

- Brightness (luminosity)

- Temperature

- Color

- Size

READING A HR-Diagram

X-AXIS

TEMPERATURE

RIGHT TO LEFT (COLD TO HOT)

TEMPERATURE AND COLORS
(SAME)
BWYOR

30,000 20,000 15,000 7,000 3,000

READING A HR-Diagram

Y-AXIS

Luminosity

- Apparent magnitude-

how bright star
“appears” to be

- Absolute magnitude-

measured, factual
brightness

O

B A F G K M

Spectral class

Let’s chat!

Cer’Princeton A. Harden

@cerharden

@cerharden

[e-mail]

1,000

10

2

1

0.1

.01

.001

My Very EfficientMother Just ServedUs Nachos

4 Inner planets

● Mercury
● Venus
● Earth
● Mars

4 Outer planets

● Jupiter
● Saturn
● Uranus
● Neptune

Mercury

● Closest planet to the

sun

● Smaller than earth’s

moon

Venus

● Its “day” is longer than

its “year”

● Referred to as earth’s

sister

Earth

● About 70% is covered

with water

● Has an atmosphere with

water

Mars

● Referred to as the “Red

Planet”

● Home to the tallest

mountain in solar
system

Jupiter

● Most massive planet in

solar system

● Shortest Days of any

planet

Saturn

● Least dense planet
● Rings are found around

this planet

Uranus

● Rotates top to bottom
● First planet discovered

with a telescope

Neptune

● Most violent weather of

any planet

● Nearly 4 times the size

of earth

Let’s chat!

Cer’Princeton A. Harden

@cerharden

@cerharden

[e-mail]

Ha-Ha-Harden’s

Moment

L L

What would a barefooted man

get if he steps on an electric

wire?

A pair of SHOCKS!

Nebula

A giant cloud of dust and gas in
space where stars are formed.

Protostar

a contracting mass of
gas which represents
an early stage in the
formation of a star.

Main Sequence

A series of stars in the
Hertzsprung Russell
Diagram. Most stars are in
the Main Sequence including
our Sun.

Red Giant

Massive cold stars that
are in the last stage of
stellar evolution.

Dance off

Can you name the song and

artist.

Planetary

Nebula

an expanding, glowing
shell of ionized gas ejected
from red giant stars late in
their lives.

White Dwarf

Very dense stellar
core, mass
comparable to the
sun.

Black Dwarf

What is left after a
white dwarf has
expelled all of its heat.

Red Supergiant

Largest known star, that
consumes its own
hydrogen will eventually
explode.

Supernova

Massive stars that
increase greatly in
luminosity causing a
catastrophic explosion.

Moon facts
Formed about 4.5 billion years ago

Crashed with Theia an early planet

5th largest moon in the solar system

2,159 miles in diameter (3,476KM)

Moon facts
Inner and outer core (Fe)

Mantle and crust (Mg, O, and Si)

238,855 miles away from earth (30 earths)

Apollo 11- July 20, 1969

Moon facts
Near Side

Highlands- Lots of craters

Maria (Seas) (Formed from lava)

Soviet Union 1959 Luna 3 Space Probe

Moon facts
Far Side

Thicker not as many craters

Left

Right

Left

Wanning

Right
Waxing

Key Words:

Crescent- Less than 50%

illuminated

Key Words:

QUARTER- 50% HALF MOON

illuminated

Key Words:

Gibbous- More than 50%

illuminated

Left

Right

LEFT OR RIGHT

WAXING GIBBOUS

WAXING QUARTER

WANING QUARTER

WAXING CRESCENT

WANING GIBBOUS

WAX OR WAN

A

G

F

E

D

C
B

H

Quick Write

Explain the phases of the moon.

30 seconds.

Quick Write

Let’s reflect

Count your words, quietly and write
down the number and circle it.

Quick Write

Explain the phases

● Waxing
● Waning
● Crescent
● Quarter
● Gibbous
● Full moon

of the moon.

● New moon
● Illuminated
● Less than 50%
● 50%
● More than 50%
● 100%

Quick Write

Let’s reflect

Count your words, quietly and write
down the number and circle it.

Did you notice an increase?

Quick Write

Quick Write

Let’s reflect

Count your words, quietly and write
down the number and circle it.

Did you notice an increase?

What do you think contributed to this?

Quick Write

New moon

Waxing crescent

1st quarter

Waxing gibbous

Waning crescent

Waning gibbous

Full moon

3rd quarter

Illuminated- portion that is lit up by the sun
Waxing - growing or getting bigger
Waning- shrinking or getting smaller
Revolution- going around an object
Rotation- to spin around itself

T/T

Quick Write

Let’s reflect

Count your words, quietly and write
down the number and circle it.

Did you notice an increase?

What do you think contributed to this?

Did you find this helpful?

OLD LUNAR PHASE

OH, EACH MOON PHASE LAST BOUT 3/4 DAYS

IT WAXES BEFORE IT WANES

EACH MOON PHASE LAST BOUT 3/4 DAYS

IT WAXES BEFORE IT WANES

OLD LUNAR PHASE

NEW MOON IS ALL BLACK

WAXING CRESCENT A LIL’ PATCH

3/4 DAYS LATER WE GOTTA 1ST QUARTER HALF

WAXING GIBBOUS IS GROWING

MORE THAN HALF IS SHOWING

OLD LUNAR PHASE

FULL MOON IS 100

THEN IT WANES AND FADES TO NOTHING

WAXING MEANS GROWING

WANE FADES TO NOTHING

WAXING MEANS GROWING

WANE FADES TO NOTHING

OLD LUNAR PHASE

Waning Gibbous getting smaller

Shrinking to 3rd Quarter

Waning crescent less than 50

New Moon then start over

This cycle is monthly

OLD LUNAR PHASE

Don’t look at me funny

27.5 to be exact, but don’t you worry

Waxing means growing

Wane fades to nothing

Waxing means growing

Wane fades to nothing.

OLD LUNAR PHASE

OH, EACH MOON PHASE LAST BOUT 3/4 DAYS

IT WAXES BEFORE IT WANES

EACH MOON PHASE LAST BOUT 3/4 DAYS

IT WAXES BEFORE IT WANES

OLD LUNAR PHASE

OH, EACH MOON PHASE LAST BOUT 3/4 DAYS

IT WAXES BEFORE IT WANES

EACH MOON PHASE LAST BOUT 3/4 DAYS

IT WAXES BEFORE IT WANES

DAY/NIGHT

Day and Night
24hrs
Earth’s Rotation

DAY/NIGHT

Spins counterclockwise

Rises in the east

Sets in the west

Rotation gives you days
24 hours eh’
Spin on its axis TILT
Twenty Three point five built
Orbit and tilt tilt tilt
How seasons are built let’s say
Revolution equals
Three six five point two five days

Problem of the day

Be prepared to speak your answer and

defend it if necessary.

Seasons

● Tilt
● Axis
● Revolution
● Opposite hemisphere

Types of Heat transfer

● Convection= heat transfer everyday, Liquids & Gases Eh’
● Radiation= WAVE WAVE WAVE RADIATION, HEAT TRANSFER

THROUGH WAVES

● Conduction= heat TRANSFER through TOUCH

Types of Heat transfer

● Conduction
● Radiation
● convection

● Conduction
● Radiation
● convection

● Conduction
● Radiation
● convection

● Conduction
● Radiation
● convection

● Conduction
● Radiation
● convection

● Conduction
● Radiation
● convection

● Conduction
● Radiation
● convection

● Conduction
● Radiation
● convection

● Conduction
● Radiation
● convection

If Jeremiah burns his hand on the steam

from a hot pan what type of heat

transfer did he experience?

● A. Convection
● B. Radiation
● C. Conduction

When you walk outside in the summer without shoes

What heat transfer is responsible for the street

Being so hot and you burning your feet?

● A. Radiation
● B. Conduction
● C. Conduction and Radiation
● D. Convection

1 23

You’re still
confused

about.

You wish you
knew more

about.

Things you didn’t

know, but now

you do.

TIME

TRIVIA

What 2 components are responsible for seasons?

As the world keeps spinning round – Rotation
24 hours it takes concentration
Day and night hours
These variations
Come from the solstice and equinox seasons

Earth Talk

Summer solstice means the daytime is
longer
Long nights at winter it ain't even funny
Fall and spring equinox
Means hours are equal, Thanks a lot.

Earth talk

Rotation Vs. Revolution

How did the
universe begin?

What evidence supports
the Big Bang Theory?
30 second write.

Agenda

Finish Test

Review Test

HR Diagram Definitions

Hertzsprung Russell

Main sequence

●Most stars are in this
category

●As temperature increases so
does luminosity

●Contains stars of many
temperatures

●Middle part of stars life

●“Teenage years”

White Dwarfs

●Losing heat, will eventually
become_________________?

●Low Luminosity

●Medium Temperature

Giants

●Massive stars

●Short life span

●Burn gas quickly

SuperGiants

●Extremely massive stars

●Very Short Life Span

●Expels Gas quickly

●Brightest due to surface area

●Temperature ranges from
cool to hot

Exit ticket

Spectral Class

O B A F G K M

Spectral Class

O B A F G K M

WHICH SPECTRAL CLASS
IS MAIN SEQUENCE A
PART OF?

Spectral Class

O B A F G K M

ZETA ERIDANI IS IN
WHICH SPECTRAL CLASS?

Spectral Class

O B A F G K M

NAME A STAR IN
SPECTRAL CLASS M, WITH
A LOW LUMINOSITY?

Spectral Class

O B A F G K M

WHICH SPECTRAL CLASS
HAS A STAR WITH THE
HIGHEST LUMINOSITY?

Spectral Class

O B A F G K M

WHICH SPECTRAL CLASS
CONTAINS THE HOTTEST
STAR?

Spectral Class

O B A F G K M

WHAT IS A TRUE
STATEMENT ABOUT
STARS WITHIN SPECTRAL
CLASS M?

Spectral Class

O B A F G K M

A BAND OF COLORS THAT
STARS GIVE OF DUE TO
THE TEMPERATURE AND
WAVELENGTHS.

Celebrity HR Diagram

●X- axis= Temperature ( The age of the artist)

○Research the age of the artist, create an age range

●Y- axis= Luminosity (how famous is this artist)

○How long has the artist been around, amount of awards received

●Let’s start with the x-axis, line up on your paper, per group

●Group then decides y-axis,

●Divide into HR Diagram Categories

●Who are your Main Sequence?

●Who are your White Dwarfs?

●Who are the Giants?

●Who are the Supergiants?

Your group will combine all of your stars together and create a large HR
Diagram.
Ensure each team member actively participates.
You have 20 minutes to complete

HR Diagram Presentations

Your group will present your HR Diagram
● How did you determine your axis range
● What celebrities did you use
● What patterns did you see
● What categories developed
● 2-3 minutes only

Exit ticket

Most stars fall

into which
category?

A.) Main Sequence

B.) Red Giant

C.) Red Supergiant

D.) White Dwarf

Which galaxy

has the an

extreme amount
of dust and gas
in its arms of

dust?

A.) Spiral

B.) Elliptical

C.) Irregular

D.) Uneven

Why do Red
Supergiants
explode? What
do they become?

CHALLENGE:
Prepare notability! You
will have 2 minutes to
create a graph on the
information provided. If
you talk you will be
disqualified and points
will be deducted.
We will begin shortly…

The universe is so vast that scientist still don’t know exactly everything that is out there. As
new data arises scientist have to refine their research. According to ThoughtCo.Com the
universe is composed of matter and energy at the following percentages.

-73% Dark energy- This does not have mass, bet matter and energy are related. Scientist
still know very little about this.

-22% Dark Matter- This stuff does not emit radiation in any wavelength.

-4% Gas- Most of the gas in the universe is hydrogen and helium.

-1% Stars, Neutrinos, and heavy elements- stars actually account for a small percentage of
our reality.

WHAT TYPE OF GRAPH WOULD BE NEEDED?

Composition of the Universe