Ch. 4 Skin Disorders and Diseases

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Skin Disorders and Diseases

CHAPTER 4

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Explain why cosmetologists need to understand skin disorders and
diseases.

Identify and describe common skin lesions, differentiating between
primary and secondary lesions.

List and describe common sebaceous and sudoriferous gland
disorders.

List and describe common skin inflammations and infections.

Identify skin hypertrophies.

List and describe common skin pigmentation changes.

Identify and describe major acne causes and current treatments.

List contributing factors to skin aging.

Explain the effects of sun exposure on the skin.

10.

Identify the forms of skin cancer, including symptoms and survival
rates.

11.

Describe contact dermatitis and prevention measures for
cosmetologists.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Why Study Skin Disorders and Diseases?

a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The skin is the body’s largest organ, offers protection from harmful organisms, it is the
first defense against environmental assaults, and helps regulate body temperature.
By studying skin irregularities, you will be able to discover signs of common skin
disorders and diseases that other people do not see, especially on the scalp, ears, and
back of the neck.
You can also recognize common conditions that can be treated within the scope of your
license; know when to recommend specific skin care preparations; and when to refer
clients to a dermatologist,who can diagnose and medically manage the condition. When
in doubt, refer to a healthcare provider.
Performing esthetic services can alleviate your own symptoms caused by the daily
physical exertion—and the aches and pains that follow—associated with doing hair.

On the Test
Vocabulary

Why Study Skin Disorders and Diseases?

a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

• Cosmetologists need a thorough understanding of skin disorders and

diseases because:

• Providing skin care services requires an understanding of the

skin’s structure and common skin problems.

• Recommending appropriate skin care preparations to clients

requires thorough knowledge of the skin and potential disorders.

• Recognizing when salon services can be safely performed, and

when the skin condition merits a healthcare provider referral, is
crucial to managing a safe practice.

• Recommending medications to treat skin conditions requires an

understanding of common skin disorders is NOT a reason

On the Test
Vocabulary

Common Skin Disorders and
Diseases

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a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

You cannot serve a client with an inflamed skin
disorder—infectious or not—without a physician’s note
permitting the client to receive services.

Sensitively suggest proper measures be taken to
prevent more serious consequences.

One of the most visible signs of a skin issue is
inflammation that may present as swelling and redness,
often with no known cause.

• Inflammation can be short term, such as a

sunburn.

• Long-term inflammation is concerning, as it can

cause permanent tissue damage.’

• When clients have long-term skin inflammation,

refer them to a dermatologist to determine the
cause and discuss possible treatments.

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Here’s a Tip

Declining a service does not have to be uncomfortable. Using
sensitivity and concern—and without diagnosing or speculating
about the disorder—suggest that the client seek medical advice.
For example, you could say, “I’m concerned about this area on
your forehead. Before I do any treatment on it, I need you to see
your healthcare provider for an evaluation. Would you be
interested in a relaxing nail service today instead to avoid this
area?”
Clients will appreciate your concern and know that you have their
best interests at heart. Suggesting an alternative service that is
safe is a great option for disorders that are not contagious.

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publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Skin Lesions

Lesionsare structural changes in the tissues
caused by damage or injury.

•Any mark, wound, or abnormality is described
as a lesion.

•Three types of lesions are primary, secondary,
and tertiary.

•Some tertiary lesions may be referred to as
vascular lesions because they involve the
circulatory system, including the blood.

•While all skin is essentially the same, certain
conditions on darker skin may not be as
noticeable; for example, lesions that are
typically red or pink may appear gray or purple
on pigmented skin.

•Always refer clients to a dermatologist if you
encounter a lesion you do not recognize.

On the Test
Vocabulary

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Primary Lesions are a different color then the
surrounding skin, whereas secondary lesions have an
accumulation of material on the skin surface.

Bulla
Larger blister containing a
watery fluid; similar to a
vesicle; requires medical
referral

• Contact dermatitis,

large second-degree
burns, bulbous
impetigo, pemphigus

Cyst
Closed, irregularly developed sac that
contains pus, semifluid, or morbid matter,
above or below the skin; a cyst can be
drained of fluid, but a tubercle cannot; the
latter requires medical referral

• Cyst—severe acne

• Tubercle—lipoma, erythema,

nodosum

Tubercle
Closed, irregularly developed sac that
contains pus, semifluid, or morbid
matter, above or below the skin; a cyst
can be drained of fluid, but a tubercle
cannot; the latter requires medical
referral

• Cyst—severe acne
• Tubercle—lipoma, erythema,

nodosum

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Vocabulary

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Primary Lesions

Macule

Flat spot or
discoloration on the
skin

• Freckle or “age

spot”

Nodule

Solid bump larger than 0.4
inch (1 centimeter) that is
easily felt; requires medical
referral

• Swollen lymph nodes,

rheumatoid nodules

Papule

Small skin elevation that
contains no fluid but may
develop pus

• Acne, warts, elevated

nevi

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Vocabulary

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Primary Lesions

Pustule

Raised, inflamed papule with a white
or yellow center containing pus in the
top of the lesion

• Acne, impetigo, folliculitis

Tumor

Any type of irregular mass varying in
size, shape, and color; not always
cancer; requires medical referral

• Cancer

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Vocabulary

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Primary Lesions

Vesicle

Small blister or sac containing clear fluid,
lying within or just beneath the
epidermis; requires medical referral if
cause is unknown or untreatable with
over-the-counter products

• Poison ivy, poison oak

Wheal

Itchy, swollen lesion caused by a blow, scratch,
insect bite, urticaria (skin allergy), or nettle
sting; typically resolves on its own, but refer to
physician if condition lasts more than three
days

• Hives, mosquito bites

Ulcers is NOT an example of primary lesions.

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Vocabulary

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Secondary Lesions Characterized by an accumulation of material on the
skin surface, such as a crust or scab, or by depressions in the skin surface, such
as an ulcer. May require a medical referral

Crust

Dead cells that form over a
wound or blemish while healing;
accumulation of sebum and pus,
sometimes mixed with epidermal
cells

• Scab, sore

Excoriation

Skin sore or abrasion
produced by scratching or
scraping

• Nail cuticle damage

from nail biting.

Fissure

Crack in the skin that
penetrates the dermis

• Severely cracked and/or

chapped hands, lips, or
feet

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Vocabulary

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Secondary Lesions

Keloid

Thick scar resulting from excessive growth or
fibrous tissue; keloids will form along any scar
for people susceptible to them

Scale

Thin, dry, or oily plate of epidermal flakes

• Excessive dandruff, psoriasis

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Vocabulary

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Secondary Lesions

Scar or cicatrix

Slightly raised or depressed skin area formed
as a result of the healing process related to an
injury or lesion

• Postoperative repair

Ulcer- open skin lesion or mucous membrane of the
body; accompanied by loss of skin depth and possibly
weeping of fluids or pus.

Pen skin lesions or mucous membrane of the body;
accompanied by loss of skin depth and possibly weeping of
fluids or pus; requires medical referral, particularly in clients
with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes

• Chicken pox, herpes

Macules is NOT an example of secondary lesions.

On the Test
Vocabulary

Sebaceous and Sudoriferous Gland Disorders

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There are several common disorders of the sebaceous (oil) and
sudoriferous (sweat) glands that cosmetologists should
understand and identify.
Disorders of both glands can lead to painful skin conditions and
possibly permanent scarring.

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Sebaceous Glands are microscopic glands in the skin that secrete a fatty or oily
substance called sebum to lubricate and waterproof the skin.
Too much sebum can contribute to several disorders, including acne and cysts.

Comedones.A comedo is a noninflamed buildup of cells, sebum, and
other debris inside follicles.

• Open comedo, also known as a blackhead, is a hair follicle filled with

keratin and sebum.

• When the comedo’s sebum is exposed to the environment

(oxygen), it oxidizes and turns black.

• Comedones appear most frequently on the face, especially in the

T-zone—the center of the face.

• Closed comedo, also known as a whitehead, is a bump just under the

skin’s surface that appears when the follicle is not exposed to the
environment. The sebum remains a white or cream color.

• State laws and regulations on the removal of comedones and

extractions vary. Check your state’s guidelines.

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Vocabulary

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Sebaceous Glands

Milia
are tiny benign
(harmless), keratin-filled
cysts that appear just
under the epidermis and
have no visible opening.

They are usually found around the
eyes, cheeks, and forehead.

Acne
is a skin disorder
characterized by chronic
inflammation of the
sebaceous glands from
retained secretions and
bacteria known as
Propionibacterium acnes
(P. acnes).

Epidermoid cyst

is a large protruding
pocketlike lesion filled with
keratin.

o Sebaceous cysts are

frequently seen on the
scalp and back, and
may be surgically
removed by a
dermatologist.

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Vocabulary

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Sebaceous Glands

Seborrheic dermatitis

is a skin condition caused
by chronic inflammation of
the sebaceous glands and
is often characterized by
redness, dry or oily scaling,
stubborn dandruff,
crusting, and/or itchiness.

Rosacea

a chronic condition that
appears primarily on the
cheeks and nose and is
characterized by
flushing that can
progress to
pustular-type breakouts

Telangiectasia

is acondition involving visible
capillaries, 0.02 to 0.04 inch
(0.5 to 1.0 millimeter) in
diameter, commonly found
on the face, particularly
around the nose, cheeks, and
chin

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Vocabulary

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Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands discharge sweat, a transparent colorless acidic fluid
that contains some fatty acids and mineral matter. Disorders arise from a variety of
causes, including bacteria and nerve damage.

• Anhidrosis.A deficiency in perspiration or the inability to sweat; it is often a

result of damage to autonomic nerves. This condition can be life threatening and
requires medical attention.

• Bromhidrosis. Foul-smelling perspiration, usually noticeable in the armpits or on

the feet, generally caused by bacteria. Treatments vary from over-the-counter
preparations to Botox injections and the use of lasers on the sweat glands.
Severe cases require a medical referral.

• Hyperhidrosis.Excessive sweating caused by heat, genetics, stress, medications,

or general body weakness. Requires a medical diagnosis and treatment.

• Miliaria Rubra.Also known as prickly heat, is an acute inflammatory disorder of

the sweat glands characterized by the eruption of small red vesicles
accompanied by burning, itching skin. It is caused by excessive heat exposure
and usually clears in a short time without treatment.

Acne Vulgaris is not an example of a disorders of the sudoriferous glands.

On the Test
Vocabulary

Skin Inflammations and
Infections does not necessarily
indicate there is a skin infection, but a
skin infection can cause skin
inflammation.

Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to
a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Skin Inflammation

Defense mechanism that occurs when something harmful or irritating affects a part of the body.

This biological response is intended to remove or eliminate the offending object or organism.

While inflammation symptoms can be uncomfortable, they are signs that the body is trying to heal itself.

• Dermatitis

Dermatitis.

• Generalized term for any inflammatory skin condition.
• Various forms include lesions such as eczema, vesicles, or papules.
• Referral to a medical professional is recommended for appropriate diagnosis.

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publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Eczema

An uncomfortable inflammatory skin
disease that is often chronic.
Characterized by moderate to severe
inflammation, scaling, and sometimes
severe itching.
There are several different types of
eczema. The most common is atopic
eczema, which is a genetic disorder.
Eczema is not contagious.
Refer all eczema cases to a healthcare
provider.

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Vocabulary

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Skin Infection

Skin infection can be caused by
bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites.
Most skin infections are highly
contagious. Bacteria enter the body
through a break in the skin.
Viral infections are typically transferred
through mucous membranes, saliva, or
fluid oozing from a sore. They can be
mild enough to respond to
over-the-counter medications or severe
enough to require immediate medical
treatment.

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Skin Infection

Conjunctivitis
also known as pinkeye, is an
eye infection and may be
caused by a bacterium or a
virus.

• It can be extremely

contagious.

Impetigo

is a contagious bacterial skin
infection characterized by
weeping lesions.

• Staphylococcus bacteria

usually cause it.

Herpes simplex 1
is a recurring viral infection that
often presents as a fever blister or
cold sore, although many people
have no symptoms.It is characterized
by eruption of a single vesicle or group of
vesicles on red swollen base. The blisters
usually appear on the lips, nostrils, or
other part of the face, and the scores can
last up to three weeks.

On the Test
Vocabulary

Skin Hypertrophies

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a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Day Two

Skin Hypertrophies

Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to
a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Hypertrophy is an abnormal growth of
the skin.
Many hypertrophies are benign
(harmless).

• Keratoma. An acquired superficial

thickened patch of epidermis. A
callus is a keratoma caused by
repeated pressure or friction on any
part of the skin, especially the
hands and feet. Corns are a
thickening of the skin that forms on
pressure areas of the foot.

• Mole. A small spot or blemish on

the skin. Moles range in color from
pale tan to brown or bluish black.
Some moles are small and flat,
resembling freckles; others are
raised and darker in color. Large
dark hairs often occur in moles. Any
change in a mole requires medical
attention.

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Vocabulary

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Hypertrophies (Cont.)

Skin tag

• A small brown or

flesh-colored skin outgrowth.

• Occur most frequently on the

neck and chest, and can be
easily removed by a
dermatologist.

Psoriasis

• A skin disease characterized by

red patches covered with
silver-white scales and is
usually found on the scalp,
elbows, knees, chest, and lower
back. .

• It is not contagious, but it does

require a medical referral. It is
treatable but not curable.

Verruca

• Also known as a wart, is

a hypertrophy of the
papillae and epidermis.

• It is caused by a virus and

is infectious.

Pigment Disorders

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a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Hyperpigmentation, overproduction of
pigment, andhypopigmentation, lack of
pigment, are pigmentation disorders.
Some internal and external factors, such as
sun exposure and medications, can cause
abnormal pigmentation, which is referred to
as dyschromia.
There is usually no cure for most
pigmentation concerns.
For localized situations, you can teach your
clients how to cover up or diminish the
appearance of hyper- and hypopigmentation
with camouflage makeup.
Refer clients to a dermatologist if they do not
have one.
You can also educate your clients about
broad-spectrum sunscreen products to help
prevent the spread of certain disorders, as
well as the benefits of light exfoliation
services.

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Hyperpigmentation

Chloasma

A condition characterized
by hyperpigmentation in
spots that are not elevated
and is generally caused by
cumulative sun exposure or
aging.

• It is similar to

melasma.

Lentigines

(or freckles). Small yellow to
brown spots on skin exposed to
sunlight and air

• They are also commonly

referred to as liver spots
in older adults, although
there is no relationship
to the liver.

Melasma

(mask of pregnancy). A
type of hormonal
hyperpigmentation disorder
that appears during
pregnancy or with the use
of birth control pills.

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Hyperpigmentation

Nevus

Anevus (birthmark)
is a malformation of
the skin due to
abnormal
pigmentation or
dilated capillaries.

Stain

An abnormal brown
or wine-colored
skin discoloration
with a circular or
irregular shape.

Tan

A change in skin
pigmentation caused
by sun or ultraviolet
light exposure.

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Hypopigmentation

Albinism

A rare genetic
condition
characterized by the
absence of melanin
pigment in the body,
including in the skin,
hair, and eyes.

Leukoderma

A skin disorder
characterized by light or
white abnormal patches
(hypopigmentation) caused
by a burn, a scar,
inflammation, or a
congenital disease that
destroys the
pigment-producing cells.

Vitiligo

is a hereditary condition
that causes hypopigmented
spots and splotches on the
skin that often appear milky
white. Nevus and vitiligo are
both skin pigment
disorders.

Acne and Problem Skin

Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to
a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Acne is a skin disease that is thought to
be a teenage skin disorder but can affect
people of all ages.
Cosmetologists and estheticians can
help clients with treatment for minor
cases and provide dermatological
referrals for more severe acne.

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Acne

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Heredity and Hormones. Acne-prone skin is due to
heredity and hormones.
• People with acne inherit the tendency to retain cells

that gather on the follicle walls, eventually clumping
and obstructing the follicle.

• Hormone levels directly affect the function of the

sebaceous glands, increasing or decreasing the
amount of sebum on the skin.

Retention Hyperkeratosis.The hereditary
tendency for acne-prone skin to retain dead cells
in the follicle, forming an obstruction that clogs
follicles and creates inflammatory acne lesions,
such as papules and pustules.

Acne Bacteria. Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is
anaerobic, which means that these bacteria cannot
survive in the presence of oxygen.

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Grades of Acne

Grade 1

• minor breakouts, mostly open

comedones, some closed
comedones, and a few papules

Grade 2

• mainly closed comedones, more

open comedones, and occasional
papules and pustules

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Grades of Acne

Grade 3

• red inflamed; many comedones,

papules, and pustules

Grade 4

• cystic acne; cysts with comedones,

papules, pustules, and inflammation;
scar formation from tissue damage is
common

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Acne Treatment

• Mild forms of acne can be treated without a medical referral.

• Daily use of gentle cleansers are formulated for a specific skin type.

• Foamy rinse-off products remove dirt, debris, and excess oil from the skin.

• Harsh cleansers can make the skin too dry, causing sebaceous glands to generate more sebum, creating an even bigger problem!

• Toners may be helpful for clients with excessively oily skin.

• Leave-on follicle exfoliants help remove cell buildup from the follicles and allow oxygen to penetrate the follicles, killing the bacteria.

• Common ingredients in these products are alpha hydroxy acid, salicylic acid, and benzoyl peroxide.

• Benzoyl peroxide can be especially effective, since it helps shed cellular debris and kill the acne bacteria.

• Mild exfoliation treatments gently slough dead skin cells, such as those formulated with salicylic acid.

• Avoid skin care and cosmetic products containing large amounts of fatty materials and oils, which can clog follicles.

• Use makeup and skin care products that are noncomedogenic, which means the product is designed and proven to not clog follicles.

• Use light moisturizer to keep skin balanced and reduce the risk of excess sebum production.

Aging Skin Issues

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a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Skin aging is a common concern for
clients.
Two types of factors influence skin
aging: intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Though aging is a natural process,
these factors play an important role in
how the skin ages and can influence
our overall health.

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Intrinsic Factors

Intrinsic factors are skin-aging factors we have little control over. They are due to the
years passing, wearing out of the body, and hereditary factors.
Genetics and Ethnicity.Genetics includes the aging process that occurs naturally by
free radicals, hormonal shifts, and the body’s inability to perfectly repair skin damage.

• Intrinsically aged skin shows:

• Epidermal and dermal atrophy
• Reduced number of fibroblasts
• Less collagen production

• Ethnicity also influences skin aging, primarily because of the differences in

skin pigmentation.

• High levels of pigmentation help protect the skin from the cumulative

effects of photoaging.

Gravity.Gravitational pull is a constant pulling downward on our skin and bodies and
is a consistent skin-aging factor for everyone.

• When the skin becomes less elastic, gravity makes eyebrows and eyelids

droop, creates looseness and fullness under the cheeks and jaw (jowls and
double chin), and even lengthens ear lobes.

Repetitive Facial Expressions. Movements of the face that result in expression lines:

• Crow’s feet around the eyes
• Nasolabial folds that form from the corners of the nose to the corners of the

mouth

• Scowl lines between the eyes

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Extrinsic Factors

Extrinsic factors are environmental factors that contribute to skin aging.
UV Radiation. Tanning and sunbathing are significant contributors to both aging and skin
cancer and should always be discouraged by skin care professionals.

• Cumulative UV rays from sun exposure that we absorb in small doses every day also

significantly damage the skin of most people.

• The key to prevention is using a broad-spectrum sunscreen or a daily-use moisturizer

with built-in sunscreen every day. Help your clients find the best ones for their needs.

Smoking. Smoking significantly damages the skin as well as the lungs.

• It produces tremendous free radicals, unstable molecules that cause biochemical

aging.

• These molecules, over time, can have a devastating effect on the body, causing skin

wrinkling and sagging, particularly on the face and neck.

• Smoking deprives the skin and body of oxygen, affecting blood flow and preventing the

skin from receiving adequate nutrients.

• Lack of blood flow causes the accumulation of cellular waste.

Alcohol. Overuse of alcoholic beverages negatively affects the body, including the skin.

• Alcohol inhibits the body from repairing itself and interferes with proper nutrition

distribution to the skin and body tissues.

• Alcohol also dehydrates the skin by drawing essential water out of the tissues, causing

the skin to appear dull, dry, and more aged.

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Extrinsic Factors (cont.)

Stress. Stress plays a significant role in our overall health and contributes to
premature aging of all organs, including the skin.

• Research confirms that stress causes biochemical changes at the cellular

level, leading to the tissue damage we call aging.

• Exercise, relaxation techniques, and a healthy mindset can reduce stress

levels, as can relaxing treatments like facials, aromatherapy, and massage.

Poor Nutrition. Poor eating habits deprive the skin of nutrients required to
maintain, protect, and repair the skin, keeping it from looking healthy and
beautiful.

• Eating a well-balanced diet allows the body to nourish the skin’s fragile

tissues.

• One of the first signs of eating disorders is the dull complexion associated

with repeated deprivation of needed nutrients.

Pollution. Pollution exposure produces free radicals, interferes with proper oxygen
consumption, and affects the lungs and other internal organs as well as the skin.

• Routine washing and mild exfoliation help remove the buildup of pollutants

that settle on the skin’s surface.

• Daily moisturizers, protective lotions, and even foundation products help

protect the skin from airborne pollutants.

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Sun Damage

The sun’s UV light has the biggest impact on skin aging of all extrinsic factors.
80 to 85 percent of aging skin symptoms are caused by damaging rays from the sun.
As we age, the skin’s collagen and elastin fibers naturally weaken, and this weakening happens at a much faster
rate when the skin is frequently exposed to UV light without proper protection.
UV ray is a shorter way of saying radiation, which can be damaging.

Sunburn can cause second-degree burns.

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Sun Protection

The most common form of sun protection is sunscreen.

• SPF stands for sun protection factor, and this number roughly designates the amount of

time a person can be in the sun without burning.

• But sunscreen works only when applied correctly, and the actual amount of time that any

specific SPF can offer protection is based on the time of day, altitude, skin type, and amount
of product applied.

• Clothing offers some barrier SPF, but it is minimal, so applying sunscreen along with

protective clothing is ideal.

• The Skin Care Foundation describes fabric effectiveness by its UPF or ultraviolet protection

factor, signifying how much UV radiation reaches your skin.

• Most cotton shirts offer about UPF 7 and even less protection when wet.

UVA (aging rays) and UVB (burning rays) are responsible for skin tanning and burning.

• Use broad-spectrum products, which protect against both UVA and UVB rays.

• Although some older sunscreen labels may contain the words waterproof or sweat proof,

those claims are no longer allowed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

• A sunscreen may be labeled only as water resistant and must indicate whether it is water

resistant for 40 or 80 minutes.

• Advise clients on protecting their skin from the sun’s damaging rays and the risks of skin

cancer.

• Stay up to date on the latest information and rules surrounding sun protection by reading

current articles and visiting websites like www.fda.gov.

May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Sun Protection

Avoid Prolonged Sun Exposure. Avoid prolonged exposure to the sun
during peak hours, when UV exposure is highest.

• Usually between 10 AM and 4 PM, which can be extended when at high

altitudes or areas closer to the equator

Properly Apply Sunscreen. Apply sunscreen at least 30 minutes before sun
exposure for absorption.

• If you apply sunscreen after being exposed to the heat and sun for 30

minutes or more, the already inflamed skin is more likely to react
negatively to the sunscreen’s chemicals.

Reapply Sunscreen. Apply sunscreen liberally after swimming and after
activities that result in heavy perspiration.

• If exposed to hours of sun, such as during a boat trip or day at the

beach, apply sunscreen periodically throughout the day as a
precaution.

Skin Cancer

Copyright © 2023 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to
a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Many people are diagnosed with skin cancer every
year, making it one of the most common cancers.
It is also becoming one of the most common causes
of cancer-related deaths because of general
complacency about prevention and a lack of
knowledge about the signs and real risks, particularly
in young people.
Cosmetologists should recognize the signs of
potential skin cancer and always refer clients to a
physician if necessary.
Do not let someone’s young age or general good
health stop you from encouraging them to receive
early diagnosis and treatment.
There are three types of skin cancer.

May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Benign and Malignant Skin Lesions

Benign mole
Small spot on the skin ranging in
color from pale tan to brown to
bluish black. This is not a type of skin
cancer.

Basal cell carcinoma
Most common and least severe skin cancer;
characterized by light or pearly nodules; has
an 85 to 95 percent recurrence-free rate
with early diagnosis and treatment.

May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Benign and Malignant Skin Lesions

Squamous cell carcinoma

More serious than basal cell carcinoma;
characterized by scaly red or pink
papules or nodules; also appear as open
sores or crusty areas; can spread to
other parts of the body. Survival rates
depend on the state at diagnosis.

Malignant melanoma

Least common, most dangerous form of skin cancer;
characterized by black or dark brown patches on the
skin that may appear uneven in texture, jagged, or
raised; 100 percent fatal if left untreated; early
detection and treatment may result in a 99 percent
five-year survival rate for localized stage, but that
drops drastically (66 percent) once it reaches local
lymph nodes.

May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Recognize Skin Changes

Skin cancer is preventable, and early detection is possible if you know what to look for. Be aware of the following
as you service your clients:

• Unusual lesions on the skin or the scalp, or changes in color, size, or shape of an existing lesion or mole

• Melanomas (irregularly shaped dark spots) on the scalp and ears

• A new lesion or discoloration on the skin or scalp

• Client complaints about sores that do not heal or unexpected skin bleeding

• Recurrent scaly areas that may be rough to the touch, especially in sun-exposed areas such as the face,

arms, or hands

If you discover any of these conditions, suggest that your client consult a dermatologist for diagnosis and
treatment.

• Advise clients to see a dermatologist for skin checkups.

• If detected early, anyone with basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or malignant melanoma

has a good chance of survival.

• An example of a problematic skin condition is actinic keratosis:

• This is a precancerous lesion that feels sharp or rough and caused by sun damage

Home self-examinations can also be a good way to check for signs of potential skin cancer between scheduled
doctor visits.

• Clients should check for changes in existing moles and pay attention to any new visible growths on the

skin.

• Advise clients to ask a friend or loved one to check areas they cannot adequately see on a routine basis,

including the back, the scalp, and around the ears.

May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

ABCDE of Melanoma
Detection

• Asymmetry. One half of the mole does not

match the other half.

• Border irregularity. The mole’s edges are

ragged or notched.

• Color. The mole’s color is not the same all over.

There may be shades of tan, brown, or black, and
sometimes red, blue, or white patches.

• Diameter. The mole is wider than about 0.25

inch (0.5 centimeter) (although doctors are now
finding smaller melanomas).

• Evolution. The mole evolves or changes. This

may include darkening or variations in color
and changes in shape or growth; the mole
may also itch or hurt.

Benign mole - symmetrical

Melanoma - asymmetrical

Benign mole – one shade

Melanoma – two or more shades

Benign mole – even edges

Melanoma – uneven edges

Courtesy of the Skin Cancer Foundation, http://www.skincancer.org

Contact Dermatitis

Warut Chinsai/Shutterstock.com

• Dermatitis is a generalized

term to refer to an
inflammatory condition of the
skin.

• Contact dermatitis is a skin

inflammation caused by
contact with certain chemicals
or substances.
• Allergic contact dermatitis

• Irritant contact dermatitis

May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Allergic Contact
Dermatitis

Sensitization is an
allergic reaction
created by repeated
exposure to a
chemical or a
substance.

Koondon/Shutterstock.com

May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Irritant Contact

Dermatitis occurs

when irritating

substances

temporarily damage

the epidermis.

Sutthamusik/Shutterstock.com

May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Preventing Contact Dermatitis

• Gloves or implements can help when working with chemicals and are the best way to prevent

contact dermatitis.

• Cosmetologists should use them when applying chemicals such as haircolor, straighteners,

and permanent wave solutions.

• Nail technicians should use them when applying nail products such as monomer liquids and

polymer powders.

• Estheticians should use them when applying exfoliation products and drying agents.

• Frequent hand washing can dry out hands and crack the skin, allowing penetration of irritating

chemicals and causing further irritation.

• Hand washing is important to prevent disease spread but follow it with protective hand

creams to keep the hands in good condition.

• Keeping tools, equipment, and surfaces clean and disinfected is an important step in protecting

yourself and avoiding skin problems. Practice these steps with great diligence.

• Keep brush handles, containers, and tabletops clean and free from product, dust, and

residue. Repeatedly handling these items will cause overexposure and skin reactions
that, in some cases, could end your beauty career.

• Wear protective gloves whenever using products known to cause irritant or allergic contact

dermatitis.

• Keep your hands clean and moisturized to prevent irritant reactions.

Skin Disorders and Diseases

CHAPTER 4

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