5.1 Operating System

System Software.

• Operating systems.

• Utility Software

• Program libraries

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System Software.

Operating systems.

​An OS is software that controls the hardware and interact with application software.


Page 138 Chapter 5

Fill in the Blanks

In modern computers, the BIOS configuration is stored in a type of memory that can be altered or deleted as needed.

What is the name of this memory type, which uses a combination of metal-oxide semiconductor technology?

Fill in the Blanks

What is the software that provides the environment for running applications, serves as an interface between users and the computer, and helps manage the complexity of computer hardware?

Examples include Microsoft Windows, Apple macOS, and Google Android.

Fill in the Blanks

What does HCI stands for?

Match

Match the following

• I can't delete this option.

Command line interface (CLI)

Graphical user interface (GUI)

This I can't neither.

• Command line interface (CLI)

• Graphical user interface (GUI)

• This I can't neither.

User-system interface

• It enables the user to make the software do meaningful tasks.

WIMP and post-WIMP

• Windows, icons, menu and pointing device.

  
  

• Touch screens.

Operating system tasks

Why do we need an OS?

A computer needs an operating system to coordinate and manage all the hardware, making it functional and efficient.

The OS manages memory, provides a user interface for human interaction, ensures security by handling permissions, and simplifies hardware management for software applications.

Open Ended

Explain why a computer needs an operating system.

Memory management

• Memory optimisation

• Memory organisation

• Memory protection

​Three important aspects of memory management:

Multiple Select

What are the three parts of memory management?

• Memory Optimization

• Memory Organization

• Memory Protection

• Memory Customization

Memory Protection

• Memory protection ensures that programs cannot access memory being used by other programs.

Memory Optimization.

• Memory optimization manages how memory is allocated and deallocated when multiple applications run simultaneously.

• It tracks both allocated and free memory, ensuring efficient use.

• To maintain optimal performance, it may also swap data to and from the HDD or SSD.

Memory Organization

• Memory organization determines how much memory is assigned to an application and how it is efficiently divided.

• Also it makes use of Virtual memory (Memory reserve in the hard drive for when the RAM cannot store large documents).

Organization vs Optimization

• Memory Organization: This is about how memory is structured and divided up to handle tasks separately and safely. The goal is mainly to keep tasks organized and isolated from one another, which makes the system stable.

• Memory Optimization: This is about improving the performance of memory usage. The goal is to make the system run faster and use memory more efficiently, reducing waste and preventing the system from slowing down over time.

Categorize

Options (5)

Speeds up access to frequently used data, improving overall system performance.

Frees up unused memory automatically, ensuring memory is efficiently utilized.

Organizes memory by dividing it into different sections based on program structure

Breaks memory into pages, simplifying memory allocation and enabling efficient use of memory

Make sure that a program doesn't use memory used by other.

Organize these options into the right categories

Memory Optimization

Memory Organization

Memory Protection

Security management

• Data recovery in cases of data loss.

• Prevention of intrusion (Antivirus)

• Privacy (Using a username and a password for login in the system)

​The OS also has a error detection system for when some process or component fails and it is able to offer error diagnostics.

Process management

• Multiple processes can run simultaneously and each process needs access to the resources provide by the computer system.

​Requires RAM and processing power

​Process 1

​Process 2

​Process 3

Resource management

• The Operating system provides resource management to achieved the best efficiency in computer system use.

• ​Schedule the process

• Resolve conflicts when 2 processes require the same resource.

​Process 1

​Process 2

​Process 3

Hardware management

Involves all input and output peripheral devices.

• Facilitates communication through device drivers between the hardware and the software.

• Ensures that the software use the hardware effectively to perform specific task.

• If a developer write a program does not need to know how the hardware works.

File management

Three main features of file management:

• Naming convention

• Directory structure

• Access control to the files

Multiple Choice

How does virtual memory help in running large applications on limited physical memory?

• Virtual memory increases the speed of the CPU.
• Virtual memory eliminates the need for any physical memory.
• Virtual memory enables running large applications by using disk space to supplement limited physical memory.
• Large applications cannot run without upgrading physical memory.

Multiple Choice

What is the purpose of file management in an operating system?

• To enhance the graphical user interface of the operating system.
• To manage hardware resources and device drivers.
• The purpose of file management in an operating system is to organize and manage data storage and access.
• To improve the speed of the CPU processing.

Multiple Choice

How does an operating system manage file permissions, and why is this important?

• File permissions are irrelevant to data security.
• Operating systems do not manage file permissions.
• File permissions only affect system performance.
• An operating system manages file permissions to control access to files, ensuring data security and integrity.

Multiple Choice

What is the role of device management in an operating system?

• The role of device management in an operating system is to manage hardware devices, ensuring proper communication and resource allocation between the OS and the devices.
• Device management is only concerned with network security.
• Device management focuses solely on user interface design.
• Device management is responsible for managing software applications.

Multiple Choice

What is the purpose of access control in an operating system?

• The purpose of access control in an operating system is to restrict and manage user permissions to protect system resources and data.
• To manage hardware resources efficiently.
• To provide a user-friendly interface for applications.
• To enhance the speed of the operating system.

Software designed to perform specific task that help to maintain the correct functionality of the computer system.

​

This programs are executed by the user or by the Operating System when necessary.

Page 143

​Utility Software

Fill in the Blanks

What type of software is designed to perform specific tasks that help manage, maintain, and optimize computer systems?

This utility software primarily helps in two ways:

1. ​Creating the File System.

2. Managing memory allocation.
   

Utility software

A hard disk formatter can also detect and mark damaged sectors during a full format.

1. Identifying Bad Sectors.

2. Preventing Use of Damaged Sectors.

3. Managing Usable Space.
   

Hard disk formatter

Also known as antivirus software, it is a type of utility software designed to detect, prevent, and remove malicious software (malware), including viruses, worms, Trojans, ransomware, spyware, and other harmful programs that can damage or compromise your computer.

Virus checkers

Defragmentation software

Defragmentation

​Fragmentation

​File 2 deleted. And File 1 extended.

​File 3 extended.

Disk compression and file compression

​​The main purpose of compression software is to reduce file sizes for easier storage, sharing, and transfer.

​When needed, the software can then decompress the files to restore them to their original size and format.

Create copies of the files in case of data loss.

Key functions:

Back-up software

1. ​Full back-up

2. Incremental & Differential Backups

3. Scheduling Backups

4. Restoring Data

Match

Match the following

• Prepares a hard drive for use by creating a file system.

• Reduces file size to save storage space or speed up transfers.

• Creates copies of files or systems to prevent data loss.

• Detects, prevents, and removes malicious software from a system.

• Reorganizes fragmented files to improve hard drive performance.

Hard disk formatter

File compression

Back-up software

Virus checker

Disk defragmenter

• Hard disk formatter

• File compression

• Back-up software

• Virus checker

• Disk defragmenter

Program libraries

​​When developing software, programmers and developers use what others build before.

Library program.
Library routines.

Example: Nintendo switch.

Program libraries

State what is meant by a program library.


Pre-written code that can be imported and used by another program.

Multiple Choice

Refers to the entire set of pre-written code, such as a collection of related functions.

• Library Program

• Library Routine

Multiple Choice

Refers to an individual function or procedure within the library that performs a specific task.

• Library Program

• Library Routine

Program libraries

The subroutines are use to reduce time and effort needed.

Here and example of how the Source Code is compile and make use of the program libraries.

Program libraries

​​Dynamic Link Libraries Files (.dll files).

Collection of executable functions and procedures that can be dynamically loaded and accessed during runtime.

Categorize

Options (13)

The executable code is smaller

It improves performance

It reduces memory usage

It allows for easier maintenance

It increases portability

It facilitates faster development

It can lead to increased complexity

Debugging can be more difficult

It may introduce compatibility issues

It may require additional training for developers

It can increase the risk of bugs

Dependence to the DLL availability.

It can limit flexibility in design choices

Organize the pros and cons of the DLL files

Pros

Cons