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Bo’ness Academy S1 Science
Forces and Space

1. What is a force?

LI

SC

We are:

We can:

✓explain what is meant by a force
✓state 3 effects a force can have on an object
✓measure a variety of forces using a Newton

balance

• learning about what forces are

S1 Science – Forces & Space
1. What is a force?

Starter

Rearrange the letters to find words associated with forces.

1.SHUP
2.ULLP
3.CANALBED
4.TENNOW
5.GRAVYIT

1.PUSH
2.PULL
3.BALANCED
4.NEWTON
5.GRAVITY

A force is a push or a pull. A force cannot be seen but you can
see how a force affects an object.

What is a force?

What type of force?

What effect is the force having here? What is it changing?

DIRECTION

DIRECTION

SHAPE

SHAPE

SPEED

SPEED

A device called a Newton Balance is used to measure forces

How do we measure forces?

SPRING

SCALE

Something pulls the
hook at the bottom of
the Newton Balance.

This extends the spring
and pulls the marker
down.

The force can be read
from the scale.

Note!

You need to make sure
the marker is set at zero
before using the Newton
Balance.

This can be done by
using the screw at the
top.

Now complete activity on page 4 of your booklet

LI

SC

We are:

We can:

✓explain what is meant by a force
✓state 3 effects a force can have on an object
✓measure a variety of forces using a Newton

balance

• learning about what forces are

S1 Science – Forces & Space
1.What is a force?

RECAP!

LI

SC

We are:

We can:

✓explain what is meant by a force
✓state 3 effects a force can have on an object
✓measure a variety of forces using a Newton

balance

• learning about what forces are

S1 Science – Forces & Space
1. What is a force?

2. Balanced &
Unbalanced

Forces

Starter

Make a date

Find someone in the room that you wouldn’t normally work
with.
Decide who is A and B
A’s: Explain to B what forces are and what they can do.
B’s: Explain to A how you measure a force.
Only sit down when you are confident that each of you
could explain the answer to the class.

LI

SC

We are:

We can:

✓explain what is meant by balanced forces
✓draw a free body diagram showing forces acting on an

object

✓identify if the forces on an object are balanced or

unbalanced

✓determine the size and direction of an unbalanced

(resultant) force from a free body diagram

• learning about balanced and unbalanced forces

S1 Science – Forces & Space
2. Balanced & Unbalanced Forces

10 N

10 N

If you link two Newton balances and pull equally hard from both
ends, the forces recorded on both will be the same.

balanced forces

When forces are balanced

The forces acting on the central hooks cancel each other out

They are equal in size and opposite in direction.

Because the forces arebalancedthe hooksdo not move.

11 N

10 N

What happens if the pull on one end is greater than the pull
on the other end?

unbalanced forces

movement

When forces are unbalanced

The forces acting on the hooks are no longer balanced.

The forces are unbalanced and the and it moves to the left

Forces and Motion: Basics (colorado.edu)

How many pairs of forces can you spot? Are they balanced or unbalanced?

In which direction will these stationary objects move?

Are the forces Balanced or unbalanced forces?

20N

20N

Free Body Diagrams

A free body diagram is used to represent forces acting on objects.
The object is drawn as a box and arrows are used for forces.
This is because you can change the size and direction of an arrow, just
like forces!

Free Body Diagrams

If there is more than one force acting on an object;
-

Add all the forces acting in the same direction

-

Subtract forces acting in opposite directions

20N

20N

40N

Free Body Diagrams

20N

15N

5N

50N

80N

50N

20N

Now complete activities on pages 8/9 of your booklet

LI

SC

We are:

We can:

✓explain what is meant by balanced forces
✓draw a free body diagram showing forces acting on an

object

✓identify if the forces on an object are balanced or

unbalanced

✓determine the size and direction of an unbalanced

(resultant) force from a free body diagram

• learning about balanced and unbalanced forces

S1 Science – Forces & Space
2. Balanced & Unbalanced Forces

3. Friction

Starter

1.3.5.7
• Write down 1 thing you have learned from

last week.

• Swap answers with someone else and see if

you can come up with 3.

• Join with another pair and try to agree on 5.
• As a class we will agree 7.

LI

SC

We are:

We can:

✓describe what is meant by friction
✓state what direction friction acts
✓state the energy that is produced with friction
✓carry out an experiment showing how friction changes

with material

• learning about the force friction

S1 Science – Forces & Space
3. Friction

If you rub your hands
together they get warm.
There is resistance to
the rubbing motion.

What is the name of this
resistive force called?

What causes this force?

Your hands might look smooth, but on a microscopic level they have
rough surfaces. So when you rub your hands together you feel the
resistive force of friction.

What is friction?

It is calledfriction.

Friction

Friction always acts in the opposite direction to which
an object is moving.

An object will only start to move if the forces applied to it
are greater than any frictional forces.

What is the direction of friction acting on each moving ball?

In which direction does friction act?

friction

friction

friction

friction

One more? Pro

Label all sources of friction that can act on this bike.

tyre and road

brake pad

and rim

wheel bearing

wheel
bearing

pedal bearing

links in chain

air resistance or “drag”

What are the sources of friction?

Friction is a type of force that
always acts in the opposite
direction to which an object is
moving and slows it down.

Whenever there is friction
between two objects, heat is
generated and their surfaces
eventually wear away.

The effect of friction can be
reduced by using a lubricant.

Oil is a common lubricant that
is used in car engines and bike
gears to reduce friction effects.

Effects of friction

Effects of frictional forces

LI

SC

We are:

We can:

✓describe what is meant by friction
✓state what direction friction acts
✓state the energy that is produced with friction

✓carry out an experiment showing how friction changes

with material

• learning about the force friction

S1 Science – Forces & Space
3. Friction

4. Increasing &

Decreasing

Friction

LI

SC

We are:

We can:

✓state ways to increase the amount of friction
✓state ways to decrease the amount of friction
✓describe situations where friction is useful

✓describe situations where friction is unwanted

• learning about how friction can be increased or

decreased

S1 Science – Forces & Space
4. Increasing & Decreasing Friction

Starter

Imagine

Close your eyes and be as quiet as possible. Now
imagine what a world without friction would be like.
What would be good about it and what difficulties
would you face?

When time is up describe to your partner what you
imagined this world to be like.

Friction – useful or a problem?

Exp. 1
Steel ball
through a
liquid

Exp. 2
Balloon
Gliders

Exp. 3
Block on
rollers

Exp. 4
Hinges
and oil

Exp. 5
Parachutes

Carousel of Friction Experiments

LI

SC

We are:

We can:

✓state ways to increase the amount of friction
✓state ways to decrease the amount of friction

✓listenwithout talking - so everyone can learn

• learning about how friction can be increased or decreased

S1 Science – Forces & Space
4. Increasing & Decreasing Friction

5. Energy lost

to friction

LI

SC

We are:

We can:

✓explain that energy is lost to heat whenever there

is friction

✓Apply your knowledge of friction to design an

energy efficient vehicle

• learning about energy lost due to friction

S1 Science – Forces & Space
5. Energy lost to Friction

Starter

True or False?

1. Streamlining reduces friction
2. Friction always acts in the opposite direction to the motion
3. Using lubricant increases friction
4. Friction is measured in Newtons
5. Increasing friction makes machines more efficient

Starter

True or False?

1. Streamlining reduces friction
2. Friction always acts in the opposite direction to the motion
3. Using lubricant increases friction
4. Friction is measured in Newtons
5. Increasing friction makes machines more efficient

Streamlining

Use your knowledge from the previous lesson to work in
groups to design a vehicle that will be released from
the top of a small ramp.

The design that travels the furthest (loses the least
energy to friction) wins!

You should sketch your design first, identifying where
friction is being reduced and how.

Your mission should you
choose to accept it……..

Starter

Think about the ‘design a vehicle’ task you have just completed………

In your jotters write a short summary of how it went. Include;

➢ What did you do?
➢ How well did it work? How do you know?
➢ What problems did you encounter and how did you/would you

overcome them?

➢ What skills did you develop from working in a pair/team?

LI

SC

We are:

We can:

✓explain that energy is lost to heat whenever there

is friction

✓Apply your knowledge of friction to design an

energy efficient vehicle

• learning about energy lost due to friction

S1 Science – Forces & Space
5. Energy lost to Friction

6. Weight & Mass

Starter

Scenario

You are at the cinema and have chosen your
pick ‘n’ mix. The cashier places it on the
scales. What is she measuring?

Think about this yourself then discuss.

LI

SC

We are:

We can:

✓explain what is meant by the mass of an object and state its units
✓explain what is meant by the weight of an object and state its

units

✓explain the relationship between mass and weight
✓carry out calculations involving mass, weight and gravitational

field strength of Earth

• learning about weight and mass

S1 Science – Forces & Space
6. Weight and Mass

Mass and weight – true or false?

Mass and weight are not the same!

What are mass and weight?

Massis theamount of matterin an object and is
measured inkilograms.

Weightis aforceand is caused by the pull of gravity
acting on a mass. Like other forces, weight is measured
inNewtonsand always acts down.

MASSLIFTING COMPETITION

Now complete activity on page 19 of your booklet

A scientist should never say:

“She weighs 50 kilograms,”

but should always say:

Talking about weight and mass

“She has a mass of 50 kilograms”.

“Her weight is about 500 newtons”.

Alternatively, the scientist could say:

“The gravitational force acting on her mass is about 500
newtons”.

This is the same as saying:

Activity – Relationship between mass and weight

Mass (kg)

Weight (N)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

= 100g = 0.1kg

Working out Weight….

You should have seen from your graph that 10 Newtons of force act on every
kilogram of mass. This is because the gravitational field strength (g) of Earth is
10 Newtons per kilogram.

What would be the weight of a 1kg mass?

10N

What about 50kg?

500N

What are you doing to work this out?

Weight = mass x 10

Now complete activities on page 20/21 of your booklet

LI

SC

We are:

We can:

✓explain what is meant by the mass of an object and state its units
✓explain what is meant by the weight of an object and state its

units

✓explain the relationship between mass and weight
✓carry out calculations involving mass, weight and gravitational

field strength of Earth

• learning about weight and mass

S1 Science – Forces & Space
6. Weight and Mass

7. Gravity &
the planets

Starter

Sort it out
Sort the following statements into the correct circle.

MASS

WEIGHT

Measured in Newtons

Measured in kilograms

Amount of matter
in a substance

Force due to gravity

Weight and mass on the Moon

The force of gravity is less on the Moon than
it is on Earth. This is because the Moon has a
smaller mass than the Earth.

However, the astronaut still has the same body
and the same mass: he just weighs less because
gravity is weaker on the Moon.

Any object will weigh less on the Moon than
it does on Earth.

An astronaut could jump 20 feet into the air
on the Moon because gravity is less.

Mass does not change no matter where you go in the universe

Weight changes depending on gravity

Weight and mass on different planets

If the mass of the planet/moon increases
the weight will increase too.
This is because gravity is bigger.

How would you feel if you travelled to a
planet with more gravity?

Weight and mass on different planets

If the mass of the planet/moon decreases
the weight will decrease too.
This is because gravity is less.

How would you feel if you travelled to a
planet with less gravity?

Working out Weight on different planets….

To calculate the weight of objects on different planets, we use the value for gravity
instead of 10.

Weight = mass x g

Example.
Calculate the weight of a 2kg schoolbag on Mercury (where g=4 N/kg)

W = m x g

W = 2 x 4

W = 8N

Now complete activity on page 25 of your booklet

Mass and weight – true or false? Try Again….