W.E.D + Caves Test Review

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Multiple Choice

A type of chemical weathering in which a substance combines with oxygen, as when iron oxidizes, forming rust.

• Acid rain

• Oxidation

• Reaction to water

• Exfoliation

​Formed by deposition

Many layers of deposited sediment can form a flat area called a floodplain.

​​Floodplains

​Formed by deposition

Streams often deposit their loads in a fan shaped pattern called a delta.

Deltas

Movement of water underground can also cause erosion. Groundwater is the water located within the rocks below Earth's surface. When underground water erosion happens caves can form.

​

Groundwater

A shoreline is the place where land and a body of water meet. Ocean waves crashing against the shoreline have a great deal of energy.

What forces shape a shoreline?

Waves play a massive role in building up and breaking down shorelines. Strong waves erode materials. Soft waves deposit materials.

Waves

Ocean currents are like giant rivers of water moving through the ocean. They flow in different directions and can be found near the surface or deep underwater. These currents are caused by things like wind, the Earth's rotation, and differences in water temperature and saltiness.

Currents

Sea caves form when waves cut large holes into weak rock along base of sea cliffs

Sea Caves

​Sea arches form when wave action erodes sea caves until a hole cuts through.

Arches

​Sea stacks form when the top of sea arches collapse and leave behind isolated rock.

Stacks

​Landforms Created by Erosion

Broken sediments moving from one place to another.

Erosion

Erosion​

Rocks breaking down into smaller sediments.

Weathering

Desgasto​

W. E. D

Deposition

Deposicion​

Sediments from erosion stopping and building up in an new location.

Chemical Weathering and Caves

Chemical weathering and erosion work together in the process of cave formation. Rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Groundwater absorbs carbon dioxide from decaying organic matter as it moves through the soil. The carbon dioxide creates a mild carbonic acid solution with the rainwater or groundwater. In an area with a lot of limestone, carbonic acid can form caves. Limestone cannot absorb water, because it is nonporous. As a result, the acidic water flows slowly through the cracks and fractures of the limestone caused by mechanical weathering.

Caves Continued

The carbonic acid dissolves calcium carbonate minerals like calcite (the main mineral in limestone), turning them into a calcium bicarbonate solution that is washed away. As the limestone is dissolved away, larger and larger holes form, allowing the liquid to flow and drain. The flowing solutions carry away the dissolved minerals through erosion. Over time, as more and more rock dissolves and washes away, a cave forms.

What Factors Affect the Rate of Chemical Weathering?

Many factors can affect the rate at which chemical weathering breaks down rocks. These factors include rock type, exposure to agents of erosion, climate, weather, and atmospheric composition and air quality.

Rock Type

Some rocks are more likely to undergo chemical weathering than others. Rocks that are made of minerals formed through evaporation are particularly susceptible to dissolution. They are susceptible because it is easy for water to dissolve them again. These minerals, such as halite and gypsum, are called evaporite minerals. Rocks made of minerals that are rich in iron, manganese, and other metals are more susceptible to oxidation. This is because oxygen easily reacts with these metals. Rocks that are easily broken by mechanical weathering are also more susceptible to chemical weathering.

Exposure

Chemical weathering can only occur on surfaces that are exposed to agents of chemical weathering. The degree to which rocks are weathered depends on how much of the rock is exposed to weathering agents and how active or strong the agents are. When rocks are broken into smaller pieces by mechanical weathering, more surface area is exposed. This surface area can then be affected by chemical weathering. Rocks exposed to stronger weathering agents, such as rapidly moving water, are more likely to be strongly weathered. Rocks at high elevations are unprotected from weathering agents like wind, while rocks in other highly exposed areas are unprotected from weathering agents like wind, running water, and plants.

Climate and Air Quality

Climate and atmospheric conditions can have a major impact on weathering rates. Rocks in dry, desert climates are more exposed to mechanical weathering by wind. Rocks in warm, wet climates are more exposed to both mechanical and chemical weathering by plants and water. Certain gases from natural or human-made sources can also speed up chemical weathering. Pollutants, like carbon dioxide, and volcanic gases, like sulfur dioxide, can mix in the atmosphere with rainwater to make solutions like carbonic acid and sulfuric acid. This increase in acidity makes it easier for the water to dissolve rocks. This is why acid rain is a problem in areas with a lot of pollution.

Multiple Choice

Which type of sediment does wind erosion most strongly affect?

• Loose, sandy soil

• Wet rocks

• Wet, compacted soil

• Dry, compacted soil

Multiple Choice

The tallest sand dunes in North America are found in Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve in Colorado. These dunes were formed from the sand at the bottom of a dry lake bed. Which of the following agents is most likely responsible for the formation of the sand dunes?

• Wind

• Water

• Ice

• Gravity

Multiple Choice

The process by which rocks are broken down

• Weathering

• Deposition

• Erosion

• Sedimentation

Multiple Choice

The process in which wind, water, ice or gravity transport rock fragments from one location to another

• Weathering

• Sedimentation

• Erosion

• Deposition

Multiple Choice

The process in which sediment settles out (drops to the bottom) of the water or wind that is carrying it

• Weathering

• Erosion

• Sedimentation

• Deposition

Multiple Choice

Fragments of weathered rocks are known as ____.

• sediments

• deposits

• limestones

• sandstones

Multiple Choice

The MECHANICAL breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces is...

• Physical weathering

• Chemical weathering

Multiple Choice

The breakdown and decomposition of rocks as a result of chemical reactions and processes

• Physical weathering

• Chemical weathering

Multiple Choice

Acid rain slowly wearing away rock over time is an example of...

• chemical weathering

• physical weathering

• erosion

• deposition

Multiple Choice

Sometimes a large underground hollow or passage called a _________ is formed as water wears away limestone.

• underground river

• cave

• cockpit

• karst landscape

Multiple Choice

Rock formations hanging from a roof are called ________.

• stalactites

• stalagmites

• troglodytes

• minerals

Multiple Choice

Which of the following results from the joining of a stalactite and stalagmite?

• Drapery
• Flow stone
• Column
• Soda straw

Multiple Choice

Stalagmites are known as a

• a sharp pointed object coming up from the floor of a cave

• a sharp pointed object hanging down from the roof of a cave

Multiple Choice

Sea caves form

• as melting water runs under glaciers

• as acidic rain dissolves rock

• as ocean waves and heavy rain erode cliffs

• as melting water runs through cracks in the ice

Multiple Choice

Stalactites and stalagmites are formed from dissolved minerals or plant materials.

• Plant materials

• Dissolved minerals

Multiple Select

Which of the following human activities has a negative impact on cave ecosystems?

• Commercial Cave Tours

• Ground water pollution

• Cave Preservation Groups/Clubs

• Digging new openings into cave systems

Match

Match each description to the correct formation found in the cave.

• stalactite

• stalagmite

• cave

forms on ceiling of caves

forms on the bottom of caves

a large underground chamber

• forms on ceiling of caves

• forms on the bottom of caves

• a large underground chamber

Multiple Choice

How is a cave formed?

• Carbonic acid dissolves water

• Carbonic acid dissolves soil

• Carbonic acid dissolves limestone

Multiple Choice

When the area above an underground cave weakens and collapses a ________________ is formed.

• cavern

• mesa

• plateau

• sinkhole