Psychology Theory of Intelligence

​Personality and Intelligence

• Personalities

  • Freud and Psychoanalytic

    • Id/Ego/Superego

    • Defense Mechanisms

    • Alfred Adler

  • Humanist and Behavioral Approach

    • Hierarchy of Needs - Maslow

    • Carl Rogers - Humanist

    • B.F Skinner - Behavioral Approach

• Intelligence

  • Charles Spearman

  • Robert Sternberg

  • Andrew Gardner

• Intelligence Testing

• Emotional Intelligence

​Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalytic Approach (unconscious mind)

• ID - controls all of a person’s instinctual behaviors. Since the id is primitive and instinctual, it operates on an unconscious level. 

• EGO - The ego deals with reality, trying to meet the desires of the id in a way that is socially acceptable in the world.

• SUPEREGO - The superego develops last, and is based on morals and judgements about right and wrong.

​DEFENSE MECHANISMS

​Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings. According to Freudian theory, defense mechanismss involve a distortion of relaity in wome way so that we are better able to cope with a situation.

​Defense Mechanisms

​ALFRED ADLER - Psychoanalytic

​Inferiority Complex - According to Adler, every individual is born with the feeling that they are inferior to others. To make up for this, an aggression drive causes them to overcome their limitations. This is referred to as the inferiority complex.

Humanist Approach

Focuses on human potential and traits such as self-awareness and free choice.

• ​Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.

• From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological (food and clothing), safety (job security), love and belonging needs (friendship), esteem, and self-actualization.

• Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend to higher needs.

​Abraham Maslow

​Carl Rodgers

​According to Rogers (1959), we want to feel, experience and behave in ways which are consistent with our self-image and which reflect what we would like to be like, our ideal-self.  The closer our self-image and ideal-self are to each other, the more consistent or congruent we are and the higher our sense of self-worth.

​B. F. Skinner, a strict behaviorist, believed that environment was solely responsible for all behavior, including the enduring, consistent behavior patterns studied by personality theorists.

• ​Personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment.

• Reinforcements and Punishments

Multiple Choice

Sally was thirsty. However, she knew that her server would be back soon to refill her water glass, so she waited until then to get a drink, even though she really just wanted to drink from Mr. Smith’s glass. What is this an example of?

• Ego

• Id

• Latin

• Superego

Multiple Choice

Freud was the first modern psychologist to suggest that____________.

• radical behaviorism works

• everyone is working toward self-actualization

• the real self and ideal self

• every personality has a large unconscious component

Multiple Choice

In line at the salad bar, Amy was so hungry that she shoved a handful of croutons in her mouth as she waited for the line to move. This is an example of what?

• Freud

• Id

• Superego

• Ego

Multiple Choice

Sarah knew that she could steal the supplies from work and no one would know about it. However, she knew that stealing was wrong, so she decided not to take anything even though she would probably never get caught.

What is this an example of?

• Superego

• Ego

• Dishonesty

• Id

Multiple Choice

Refusal to accept reality is what?

• Projection

• Compensation

• Denial

• Regression

Multiple Choice

Read the following description and select the defense mechanism it describes:

When you use this defense mechanism, you may kick your dog because you are angry at your parents. 

• Projection

• Repression

• Displacement

• Rationalization

Multiple Choice

Which approach views the individual as a product of the unconscious mind, desires and aggressions?

• Biophysiological

• Psychoanalytic

• Humanistic

• Cognitive

Multiple Choice

Nathan feels uncomfortable flying but tries to manipulate his brother that it is in fact, he who fears air travel. This is an example of:

• Denial

• Projection

• Reaction formation

• Repression

Multiple Choice

A young child forgets being bitten by a dog but develops a phobia of dogs as he gets older. This is an example of:

• Repression

• Denial

• Projection

• Altruism

Multiple Choice

Howard Gardner is most likely to agree that the concept of intelligence includes___________

• minimizing one's negative emotions

• behaving morally

• ability to preform and compose music

• experiencing positive self esteem

​Intelligence

​Charles Spearman

• ​In the case of intelligence, Spearman noticed that those who did well in one area of intelligence tests (for example, mathematics), also did well in other areas (such as distinguishing pitch).

• In other words, there was a strong correlation between performing well in math and music, and Spearman then attributed this relationship to a central factor, that of general intelligence (g).

• Spearman concluded that there is a single g-factor which represents an individual’s general intelligence across multiple abilities, and that a second factor, s, refers to an individual’s specific ability in one particular area.

​Howard Gardner

​He proposed that there is no single intelligence, but rather distinct, independent multiple intelligences exist, each representing unique skills and talents relevant to a certain category.

​Robert Sternberg

• ​Analytical intelligence, also referred to as componential intelligence, refers to intelligence that is applied to analyze or evaluate problems and arrive at solutions. This is what a traditional IQ test measure.

• Creative intelligence is the ability to go beyond what is given to create novel and interesting ideas. This type of intelligence involves imagination, innovation and problem-solving.

• Practical intelligence is the ability that individuals use to solve problems faced in daily life, when a person finds the best fit between themselves and the demands of the environment.

​Intelligence Testing

​During the early 1900s, the French government enlisted the help of psychologist Alfred Binet to understand which children were going to be slower learners and thus require more assistance in the classroom. His test measured mental age.

​Objective and Projective

The objective test requires the respondent to make a particular response to a structured set of instructions (e.g., true/false, yes/no, or the correct answer). The projective test is given in an ambiguous context in order to afford the respondent an opportunity to impose his or her own interpretation in answering.

​Intelligence Testing

Reliability simply means that they are consistent over time. In other words, if you take a test at two different points in time, there will be very little change in performance or, in the case of intelligence tests, IQ score.

​CRITICISM

​Cultural Bias. Critics of intelligence tests believe that they contain cultural bias because the wording used in questions may be more familiar to people of one social group than to another group

​Additionally, intelligence tests also reveal strong construct validity, meaning that they are, in fact, measuring intelligence rather than something else.

​Types of Testing

​Aptitude and Achievement Tests -

Designed to measure intellectual capability. Achievement tests measure what content a student has already learned (such as a unit test in history or a final math exam), whereas an aptitude test measures a student’s potential or ability to learn

Examples -

CUA - Achievement Test

Military preparation Test - Aptitude Test

​Interest Test - hey provide information necessary for making the right career choice. Obviously, your interests indicate what you like and what occupations interest you. If the profession you choose connects with these interests, you will find a lot more pleasure in your work.

​Emotional Intelligence

​Emotional Intelligence is the “ability to monitor one’s own and other people’s emotions, to discriminate between different emotions and label them appropriately, and to use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior”

​In other words, if you are high in emotional intelligence, you can accurately perceive emotions in yourself and others (such as reading facial expressions), use emotions to help facilitate thinking, understand the meaning behind your emotions (why are you feeling this way?), and know how to manage your emotions (Salovey & Mayer, 1990).

Multiple Choice

What is Spearman’s theory all about?

• Specific Intelligence

• General Knowledge

• General Intelligence

• Specific Knowledge

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT an objective test?

• Myers-Briggs Test

• Final CUA

• Thematic Apperception Test

Multiple Choice

A Harvard Accuplacer test was administered to incoming freshmen. The test suggested that Justin would be successful in a History course. If the test accurately predicts how well a student will do in a course, it would be considered__________.

• standardized

• valid

• unethical

• controversial

Multiple Choice

Those who score above average on tests of mathematical aptitude are also likely to score above average on tests of verbal aptitude. According to Charles Spearman, this best illustrates the importance of:

• validity

• EQ

• the g factor

• reliability

Multiple Choice

Critics of intelligence tests believe that they contain __________ because the wording used in questions may be more familiar to people of one social group than to another group.

• Personal construct

• untruths

• cultural bias

• conditions of worth

Multiple Choice

The ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly and adapt to environmental challenges

• savant

• Intelligence

• mental age

Multiple Choice

How many intelligences does Howard Gardner believe there are?

• 3

• 6

• 8

• 12

Multiple Choice

Sally has an upcoming presentation for which she needs to prepare. Knowing that the presentation will cause her anxiety, Sally employs strategies that she knows will help relieve her nervousness. Psychologists would argue that Sally has high___________

• High IQ

• Emotional Intelligence

• intelligence Quotient

• Mental Dexterity

Multiple Choice

When a person has an ability to adjust to their own environment, which aspect of the triarchic theory of intelligence are they utilizing?

• creative

• emotional

• practical

• analytical