8- FLUID BALANCE, ACID BASE(Latest)

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a common electrolyte found in the body?

• Sodium

• Potassium

• Chloride

• Iron

Multiple Select

Which of the following are normal serum electrolyte values?

• Sodium: 135-145 mEq/L

• Chloride: 98-106 mEq/L

• Potassium: 1.6-2.6 mEq/L

• Bicarbonate: 22-26 mEq/L

Open Ended

Explain how the electrolyte composition differs between plasma, interstitial fluid, and cellular fluid.

Fill in the Blank

The normal blood level of sodium is ___ mEq/L.

-

Multiple Choice

What is one of the main actions of sodium in the body?

• Regulates blood glucose

• Regulates osmolality

• Regulates oxygen transport

• Regulates protein synthesis

Fill in the Blank

Fill in the blank: In hyponatremia, serum sodium (Na) levels are less than ___ mEq/L.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an early clinical manifestation of hyponatremia?

• Muscle cramps

• Cerebral edema

• Convulsions

• Coma

Multiple Choice

Which laboratory test is used to differentiate the cause of hyponatremia?

• 24 hours urine collection for Na

• Blood glucose test

• Liver function test

• Chest X-ray

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a common cause of hyponatremia?

• Excessive sodium intake

• Excessive fluid intake

• Low potassium levels

• High calcium levels

Multiple Select

Which of the following are included in the medical management of hyponatremia?

• Isotonic IV solution

• Hypertonic IV Na solution

• Loop diuretics

• Potassium supplements

Multiple Choice

What laboratory findings are diagnostic for hypernatremia?

• Serum Na > 145 mEq/L and serum osmolality > 295 mOsm/kg

• Serum K < 3.5 mEq/L and serum osmolality < 280 mOsm/kg

• Serum Ca > 10.5 mg/dL and serum osmolality > 300 mOsm/kg

• Serum Na < 135 mEq/L and serum osmolality < 275 mOsm/kg

Multiple Select

Which of the following statements about potassium is/are correct?

• It plays a vital role in cellular metabolism.

• Its normal level is 3.5–5.0 mEq/L.

• It is primarily an extracellular cation.

• Daily intake is usually through food.

Fill in the Blank

Fill in the blank: The primary intracellular cation is ___.

Multiple Select

Which of the following are appropriate medical management strategies for hypokalemia?

• Potassium supplements

• Use of balanced electrolyte fluids with GI loss

• Regular monitoring of serum potassium levels

• Restricting potassium intake

Fill in the Blank

Foods high in potassium include avocado, banana, potatoes, spinach, beans, citrus juices, and ___.

Open Ended

What are the nursing diagnoses associated with hypokalemia and the interventions required for each?

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a cause of hyperkalemia?

• Inadequate excretion of potassium

• Excessive loss of potassium

• Shift from extracellular to intracellular space

• Inadequate intake of potassium