introduction to Biotechnology

​Introduction to Biotechnology

​Objectives:

• Explain the universal nature of DNA that allows for the biotechnological advancement of society.

• Describe common uses of Biotechnology in use today.

• Introduction to the basic tools used in biotechnology labs.

Open Ended

Hypothesize:

1 ethical dilemma / problem the use of biotechnology presents to humanity.

Open Ended

Hypothesize:

1-way advancements in biotechnology have improved humanity?

​Eukaryotic Cells:
• Many Linear Chromosomes inside the Nucleus.
• Diploid = 2 of each chromosome.

Types of DNA

Types of DNA

​Prokaryotic Cells:
• ONE large Chromosome loop free in the cytoplasm. *NO NUCLEUS*
• Have “Extra DNA” in Form of Plasmid.
Small loops of DNA Found in Some Prokaryotes that have extra pieces of information. {Anti-biotic resistance. They can be transferred from one bacteria to another to share information.

Match

Match the Term with the best description

• Prokaryote

• Eukaryote

• Eukaryote DNA

• Prokaryote DNA

• Plasmid

Cell WITHOUT membrane bound organelles

Cell WITH membrane bound organelles

Many linear chromosomes in Nucleus

One Circular Chromosome in cytoplasm

Small loop of DNA only in prokaryotes

• Cell WITHOUT membrane bound organelles

• Cell WITH membrane bound organelles

• Many linear chromosomes in Nucleus

• One Circular Chromosome in cytoplasm

• Small loop of DNA only in prokaryotes

​UNIVERSAL NATURE OF DNA

1. Genetic Material of All Living Things:

2. Has Identical Structure:

• Macro = Nucleic Acid

  •   Monomer = Nucleotide
    *AP Bio:  Type of Dehydration Synthesis = Phosphodiester Bond

  •  Nucleotide = 3 Parts

    • Nitrogen Base

    • Pentose Sugar

    • Phosphate Group

Draw

Draw a nucleotide and label the

Sugar

Nitrogen Base

Pentose Sugar

​UNIVERSAL NATURE OF DNA

3. Protein Synthesis / Gene Expression

​UNIVERSAL NATURE OF DNA

Because the process of Gene Expression is Identical we can “Transform Organisms”

• Remove DNA from 1 Organism that contains a gene of interest and put it in another.

• Proteins coded for on the DNA will be made by the  organism.

• ONLY possible Because DNA is used the Same Way by ALL Living Things.

Drag and Drop

The first step in Protein Synthesis is:

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, which occurs in the​ ​

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of the cell. During this process,​

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is copied into​

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Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

Transcription

Nucleus

DNA

mRNA

Translation

tRNA

rRNA

Protein

Ribosome

Drag and Drop

The second step in Protein Synthesis is:

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, which occurs in the​ ​

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of the cell. During this process,​

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is turned into​

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Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

Transcription

Ribosome

DNA

mRNA

Translation

tRNA

rRNA

Protein

Nucleus

​Uses of DNA Biotechnology today:

​Electrophoresis: Check DNA sequences for relatedness

Identical DNA Samples will have identical Banding Patterns.

Use to identify unknown samples by comparing to a control.

​Uses of DNA Biotechnology today:

​Crispr-cas9 / Gene Therapy:

Correct genetic mutations that cause disease by introducing functional genes into cells.

Introduce NEW genes that make proteins needed to fight disease. 

​Uses of DNA Biotechnology today:

​Protein Production:

Gene for a needed protein is placed into a Bacteria via transformation to make large amounts of the protein quickly and inexpensively.

 

Pharmaceuticals such as Human Insulin and Proteins in Vaccines are produced by bacteria.

​Uses of DNA Biotechnology today:

​Cloning: Make Identical Organisms

In agriculture, organisms that are high yield / preferred are cloned to improve harvests. While this improves harvests it can reduce genetic diversity in populations.

Open Ended

Explain :

1-way advancements in biotechnology have improved humanity?

Open Ended

Describe:

1 ethical dilemma / problem the use of biotechnology presents to humanity.

​TOOLS:

​Micropipette:

​Accurately and precisely transfer volumes of liquid in the microliter (one millionth of a liter) range.

Come in Various Sizes depending on volume that must be measured. Can be adjusted to change the volume of liquid by turning a knob on the pipette.
!!!! SUPER IMPORTANT !!!!!
• NEVER SET THE MICROPIPETTE OUTSIDE OF ITS RANGE
• NEVER USE A MICROPIPETTE WITHOUT A TIP
• ALWAYS HOLD VERTICAL WHEN FLUID IS IN THE MICROPIPETTE

​TOOLS:

​Micropipette Tips:

​Disposable plastic tips that attach to micropipettes to transfer small volumes of liquid. They are available in various sizes to fit larger and smaller pipettes.

 

  !!!!  SUPER IMPORTANT  !!!!!

 

·       ALWAYS CHANGE TIPS BETWEEN SAMPLES TO AVOID CONTAMINATION

​TOOLS:

​Centrifuge:

​Equipment used to Spin samples at high speed, which forces heavier materials, such as precipitated proteins, to form a pellet at the bottom of a tube, allowing the DNA-containing liquid to be carefully poured off or further processed.

​TOOLS:

​Gel Electrophoresis:

A laboratory technique that separates charged DNA molecules based on their size and charge. Smaller and more highly charged molecules move faster, resulting in separation into distinct bands that can then be visualized and analyzed. 

 

1. Molecules are loaded into a gel using a micropipette.

2. An electric field is applied

3. Over a period of time DNA molecules move through the gel matrix, to create “bands”.

Match

Match each of the following pieces of lab equipment with its description.

• Micropipette

• Centrifuge

• Gel Electrophoresis

Used to measure small volumes in a lab

Spins Samples very Fast to Separate.

Used to compare DNA sequences

• Used to measure small volumes in a lab

• Spins Samples very Fast to Separate.

• Used to compare DNA sequences