7.LS3.2-Changes in Genes and Their Effects

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Multiple Select

Mutations can cause what?

• The passing of the mutation to the offspring

• An incorrect trait to appear

Multiple Select

Mutations can cause what?

• The passing of the mutation to the offspring

• An incorrect trait to appear

Multiple Choice

What is any change in DNA or gene of a chromosome?

• Mutation

• Disorder

• Incorrect

Multiple Choice

Which of the following explains the relationship between DNA and chromosomes?

• DNA writes the instructions for 46 chromosomes

• DNA is coiled and fit into all 46 chromosomes

• Chromosomes break down to form DNA

• DNA kills chromosomes

Multiple Choice

From largest to smallest, which is the correct order for the following structures:

• cell, DNA, chromosomes, amino acid, gene

• cell, gene, chromosome, DNA, amino acid

• cell, chromosomes, DNA, gene, amino acid

• cell, amino acid, chromosome, DNA, gene

Multiple Choice

True or False: If a protein's shape changes, its function will still stay the same.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Why is DNA important?

• it is very small and complicated

• it's in everything

• it serves as the blueprint for traits of all living things

• because we eat it everyday for energy

Multiple Choice

What is a mutation?

• a temporary change in the sequence of the DNA inside a cell

• a permanent change in the sequence of the DNA inside a cell

• a virus that attacks the DNA inside a cell

• a bacteria that attacks the DNA inside a cell

change

DNA

instructions

Multiple Choice

Which of the following explains the relationship between DNA and chromosomes?

• DNA writes the instructions for 46 chromosomes

• DNA is coiled and fit into all 46 chromosomes

• Chromosomes break down to form DNA

• DNA kills chromosomes

Multiple Choice

The diagram shows a section of a cell that has been magnified.

Which statement best describes the relationships between the three visible structures in the magnified section of the cell?

• A chromosome is a structure near the nucleus that consists of genes on specific locations.

• A chromosome is a structure in the nucleus that is composed of DNA.

• A chromosome contains DNA that is composed of proteins.

• A chromosome consists of many genes that form different proteins.

Multiple Choice

Which statement is true about genetic information?

• A DNA molecule is a section of a gene found on the nucleus of chromosome.

• The nucleus of a cell contains genes that are made up of chromosomes composed of DNA.

• A gene is a section of DNA and is found on a chromosome in the cell's nucleus.

• A chromosome is a section of a gene found in the nucleus of a DNA molecule.

Multiple Choice

Genes code for proteins that determine the phenotypes of individuals. Individuals inherit genes from parents.What is the relationship between genes and chromosomes?

• Genes are made up of chromosomes.

• Genes are present on chromosomes.

• Chromosomes are independent of genes.

• Chromosomes are present inside genes.

Potential Issues

Since this genetic coding is such a delicate process, there are many steps in which the coding, replicating, and transfer process could be messed up. A mutation is any change in a gene or chromosome.

Kinds of Coding Mutations

• Substitution - switching one of the genes in the sequence with a different gene. You still have the same number of genes.

• Deletion - One of the genes in the sequence was deleted and now the strand is short one or more genes.

• Addition - An additional gene was inserted into the sequence, meaning now the strand has more genes than the initial DNA strand.

Example: If the original DNA sequence reads:

THE RED HAT

• Substitution would look like THE RED CAT

• Deletion would look like THE ED HAT

• Addition would look like THE READ HAT

Mutations

These mutations, along with the occasional change in the structure or number of chromosomes lead to what are called genetic disorders. Genetic disorders are inherited just like traits.

Multiple Choice

Where in the cell is DNA found?

• Nucleus

• Cytoplasm

• Chloroplast

• Cell Membrane

chromosome

nucleus

genes

Multiple Choice

a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule that can affect the protein the DNA codes for

• mutation

• gene

• chromosome

• protein

• mutagen

A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a product, usually a protein.

Multiple Choice

Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes in ______

• RNA

• DNA

• SNA

• VNA

Multiple Choice

DNA carries ______________ from parents to offspring.

• Inherited Information

• Random Information

• Selected Information

• Weird Information

Multiple Choice

A _______________ is a segment of DNA that contains information for the building of a product.

• Cancer

• Mutation

• Gene

• Product

A protein is a type of molecule that makes up much of an organism’s structure and helps it function.

Living organisms have tens or even hundreds of thousands of different kinds of proteins in their bodies.

Different proteins have different shapes and structures, and they function in different ways.

The traits of an organism are determined by the kinds of proteins that its genes cause it to build.

Multiple Choice

A __________________ is a type of molecule that makes up much of an organism’s structure and helps it function.

• Gene

• DNA

• Mutation

• Protein

Multiple Choice

A __________________ is a type of molecule that makes up much of an organism’s structure and helps it function.

• Gene

• DNA

• Mutation

• Protein

Multiple Choice

Living organisms have ___________ proteins in their bodies.

• Not that many

• A few

• Hundreds of Thousands of

• Only one kind of

Multiple Choice

An organism's _______________ are determined by the kinds of proteins that its genes cause it to build. (Choose the best answer)

• Traits

• Behaviors

• Sleep patterns

• Habits

Multiple Choice

Inside a cell's nucleus, you will find the cell's ________________ (Choose the best answer)

• RNA

• Cells

• DNA

• Chromosomes

Multiple Choice

A chromosome contains an organism's ______________

• RNA

• Cells

• DNA

• Organelles

Multiple Choice

Change in the sequence of DNA and the protein produced

• Mutation

• Evolution

• Adaptation

• Natural Selection

Multiple Choice

DNA holds the code for making

• lipids

• carbohydrates

• proteins

• sugars

Multiple Choice

Changes in DNA sequences that affect genetic information are known as

• Replications

• Mutations

• Transformations

• Translations

proteins

structure/function

work

• A change in a DNA sequence affects the amino acid sequence of a protein.

• Change in protein structure also changes its function.

• Depending on how the function changes, mutations can be good, bad, or neutral.

​

Mutations = any change in a DNA sequence

Multiple Choice

Where do mutations occur?

• DNA and RNA

• DNA 

• RNA

• mRNA and tRNA

Multiple Choice

What describes a change in the DNA sequence?

• Transcription

• Translation

• DNA replication

• Mutation

• Apoptosis

Multiple Choice

What do hurtful mutations do? 

• Decrease chances of survival 
• Increases changes of survival 
• Decreases likelihood of developing cancer
• Increases likelihood of developing cancer

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a helpful mutation? 

• Develops speed 
• Decreases speed
• Increases weight gain 
• Develops no camflauge 

Multiple Choice

What do helpful mutations do? 

• Increases chances of survival 
• Decreases changes of survival 
• Increases chances of developing cancer
• Decreases skills

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a hurtful mutation? 

• Developing cancer
• Makes the organism faster
• Makes the organism a predator 
• Develops sharp claws

Multiple Choice

Anything that can cause mutations or turn on cancer genes.

Examples: smoking, radiation, chemicals, poor diet

• Risk Factors

• Mutations

• Tumors

• Predispositions

Multiple Choice

What is cancer?

• The heart does not receive enough blood.
• Sudden disruption of blood flow to part of the brain.
• Blood filled weak spot.
• Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.

Multiple Choice

These are examples of:

• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation

• Treatments for Cancer

• Mutations

• Examples of Asexual Reproduction

• Types of Tumors

Multiple Choice

Using drugs or medicines to destroy cancer cells.

• chemotherapy
• radiation therapy
• cancer surgery
• mitotic spindling

Multiple Choice

Something that increases the chance of developing a disease.

• morbidity
• palliative treatment
• lifetime risk
• risk factor

Multiple Choice

Cancer creates abnormal cells by disrupting

• the cell cycle
• red blood cell formation
• DNA replication
• ATP synthesis

Multiple Choice

Anything that can cause mutations or turn on cancer genes.

Examples: smoking, radiation, chemicals, poor diet

• Risk Factors

• Mutations

• Tumors

• Predispositions

Multiple Choice

What is the definition of DNA mutation? 

• The original DNA strand
• The strand with four pairs 
• A change in the DNA strand
• The strand in a double helix 

Multiple Choice

Mutations can be

• harmful

• harmful and helpful

• harmful, helpful or neutral

• adaptations

Dropdown

Mutations that helps an organisms chances of survival are

Select answer

while mutations that hurts an animals chances of survival are known as ​ ​

Select answer

. Mutations that have no effect on the organisms ability to survive are known as ​

Select answer

.

Match

Match the following

• Adaptations

• mutation

• deoxyribonucleic acid

• Chromosomes

• Parents

a trait that can help a organism survive

change in DNA

DNA

Packages of DNA (we have 46)

Where you get your DNA from

• a trait that can help a organism survive

• change in DNA

• DNA

• Packages of DNA (we have 46)

• Where you get your DNA from

harmful

beneficial/helpful

neutral

• A change in a DNA sequence affects the amino acid sequence of a protein.

• Change in protein structure also changes its function.

• Depending on how the function changes, mutations can be good, bad, or neutral.

​

Mutations = any change in a DNA sequence

Multiple Choice

Where do mutations occur?

• DNA and RNA

• DNA 

• RNA

• mRNA and tRNA

Multiple Choice

Mutations are SOMETIMES helpful to the organism.

• true

• false

Multiple Choice

What describes a change in the DNA sequence?

• Transcription

• Translation

• DNA replication

• Mutation

• Apoptosis

Multiple Choice

What are considered "negative" mutations?

• mutations in the DNA sequence that changes the resulting protein and harms the organism

• mutations in the DNA sequence that changes the resulting protein and benefits the organism

• mutations in the DNA sequence that produces the same protein

• all mutations are considered bad and harm the organisms

Multiple Choice

Mutations can be...

• Harmful

• Beneficial

• Neutral

• All of the Above

Different proteins have different shapes and structures, and they function in different ways.

The traits of an organism are determined by the kinds of proteins that its genes cause it to build.

Multiple Choice

A __________________ is a type of molecule that makes up much of an organism’s structure and helps it function.

• Gene

• DNA

• Mutation

• Protein

Multiple Choice

Living organisms have ___________ proteins in their bodies.

• Not that many

• A few

• Hundreds of Thousands of

• Only one kind of

Multiple Select

Mutations happen when:

• exposed to Infinity Stones

• cells are exposed to mutagens

• cells copy themselves before division

• None of the above

• All of the above

Multiple Choice

True or false: If a person develops an illness on their skin, their children might also be born with that same illness.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

True or False: mutations can be predicted

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes a mutagen?

• Direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

• Any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

• An agent which can change the structure of DNA, causing a mutation.

Patient #1: Peter Parker

• According to our file, Peter Parker was bitten by a radioactive spider while attending a public exhibition demonstrating the safe handling of nuclear laboratory waste materials. The spider had been irradiated by a particle accelerator used in the demonstration. Making his way home afterwards, Peter was almost hit by a car; when Peter jumped out of the way, he discovered he had somehow gained incredible strength, agility, and the ability to cling to walls, spider-like traits that he immediately associated with the spider bite.

• On the next slide we will examine his DNA

Open Ended

How did the structure of the protein change? Did it have an effect on the patient? Explain in at least 1 sentence.

Patient #2: Clark Kent

• According to the reports, Clark Kent was sent to a less highly advanced planet Earth by his parents from the planet Krypton which was going to explode.  The exposure to the yellow sunlight on Earth would supercharge his cells into living solar batteries and give him incredible powers.  His adopted parents Jonathan and Martha Kent raised him with high moral ideals.  He uses his incredible strength, speed, flight and various other powers to fight evil and protect the innocent. 

• One the next slide, we will examine his DNA

Open Ended

How did the structure of the protein change? Did it have an effect on the patient? Explain in at least 1 sentence.

looks/physical traits

function

both

Potential Issues

Since this genetic coding is such a delicate process, there are many steps in which the coding, replicating, and transfer process could be messed up. A mutation is any change in a gene or chromosome.

Kinds of Coding Mutations

• Substitution - switching one of the genes in the sequence with a different gene. You still have the same number of genes.

• Deletion - One of the genes in the sequence was deleted and now the strand is short one or more genes.

• Addition - An additional gene was inserted into the sequence, meaning now the strand has more genes than the initial DNA strand.

Example: If the original DNA sequence reads:

THE RED HAT

• Substitution would look like THE RED CAT

• Deletion would look like THE ED HAT

• Addition would look like THE READ HAT

Mutations

These mutations, along with the occasional change in the structure or number of chromosomes lead to what are called genetic disorders. Genetic disorders are inherited just like traits.

Multiple Choice

a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule that can affect the protein the DNA codes for

• mutation

• gene

• chromosome

• protein

• mutagen

Multiple Choice

What type of gene mutation has occurred here?

T-G-A-C-C-A

T-G-A-C-C-A-A

• Substitution

• Deletion

• Insertion

Multiple Choice

DNA molecule segment is : TTACGCAAG

The mutated DNA segment is TTCGCAAG. This is an example of ___ mutation.

• Substitution

• Deletion

• Insertion

Multiple Choice

DNA molecule segment is : TTACGCAAG

The mutated DNA segment is TTACGCAAC. This is an example of ___ mutation.

• Substitution

• Insertion

• Inversion

Multiple Choice

Deletion

• A

• B

• C

Multiple Choice

Insertion

• A

• B

• C

Multiple Select

What are the three possible consequences to changes in DNA? [check all that applies]

• Improved trait

• removal of trait

• No change (neutral)

• Harmful trait

gene change

protein change

Multiple Choice

Read the text in the image attached. Was the researcher correct in his claim?

• Yes. The mutated variety of almonds was edible.

• No. Not all almond trees produced seeds that were edible.

• No. The mutation did not affect all varieties of almond trees.

• Yes. Almond trees with amygdalin grew only in forests.

Multiple Choice

Read the text provided.

Is the student's claim correct?

• Yes. The rate of growth of the organism will increase.

• No. The uncontrollable division of body cells can lead to diseases such as cancer.

• Yes. The rate at which wounds and injuries heal will increase.

• No. The uncontrollable division of body cells has no effect on the organism.

Multiple Choice

Read the text provided.

Which argument summarizes the mutation in deer mice?

• It is a harmful mutation as it caused a change in the original coat color of mice.

• It is a beneficial mutation as it helped the mice survive in their new surroundings.

• It is a neutral mutation as the change in coat color did not affect any body functions in the mice, and only helped the survival of the deer mice living in Nebraska.

• It is a neutral mutation as only the deer mice living in Nebraska were affected, and all other populations were unaffected.

Multiple Choice

Which mutation is most likely classified as neutral?

• a mutation that contributes to the aging process

• a mutation that causes cells to become cancerous

• a mutation that is automatically repaired by an organism

• a mutation that is caused by environmental exposure

Multiple Choice

How is the mutation experienced by this child best classified?

• beneficial only

• neutral only

• harmful and beneficial

• harmful and neutral