What can we see with speech spectrograms?

• time, sound frequencies, & formants
• place, manner, voicing
• vertical/horizontal position of the tongue
• light frequencies & absorption lines

Coarticulation causes the individual sounds in a word to "overlap" somewhat. This is helpful to speech perception since it provides WHAT to the listener?

• redundancy in the signal
• a continuum of speech sounds
• visual information
• vowel formant frequencies

If you're listening to someone talking but some speech sounds are missing, what might help your brain recreate the message?

• background noise
• silent gaps
• flashes of light
• electrical shocks

When you parse brand-new, raw, auditory information and then build words and phrases from them, you're doing this.

• Bottom-Up Processing
• Top-Down Processing
• Coarticulating
• Categorically Perceiving

From the point of view of speech PRODUCTION, coarticulation of speech sounds helps us to:

• speak faster
• figure out words quickly
• create phonemic categories quickly
• perceive F1 and F2 quickly

What are the smallest categories of speech sounds that we can perceive?

• phonemes to a psycholinguist
• phonemes to a linguist
• allophones
• morphemes

In noisy situations, people can figure out real words better than non-words. This is:

• lexical effects on phoneme restoration
• contextual effects on phoneme restoration
• the Ganong Effect
• Categorical Perception

What are 2 kinds of "Slips of the Ear" (misunderstandings that lead to competence errors)?

• mondegreens & eggcorns
• Spoonerisms & blends
• anticipations & perseverations
• metathesis & additions

Given conflicting auditory & visual speech information: our brains take the visual info into account when trying to parse the signal. This is:

• the McGurk Effect
• the Ganong Effect
• the Categorical Perception Effect
• the Phoneme Restoration Effect

What are markings on speech transcriptions that provide very precise articulatory information?

• diacritics
• allophones
• formants
• phonemes