Which of the following groups represents a nation without a state?

• Kurds
• Israelis
• Turks
• Germans
• Albanians

Based on the map, which of the following can be identified as a true statement about Northern Ireland?

• It is united with the rest of the island to form a sovereign nation-state.

• It forms its own sovereign nation-state predominately made up of the Irish ethnic group.

• It is a frontier that is not formally part of a state, but the United Kingdom claims the area.

• It is physically separate from the rest of the United Kingdom, a multinational state.

• It is a stateless nation, as the entire island of Ireland is under the control of the United Kingdom.

Which of the following best explains why the region of Catalonia in Spain could be a viable country?

• Catalonia is linguistically distinct compared to other regions in Spain.

• Catalonia is well developed economically compared to other regions in Spain.

• Catalonia's population is ethnically distinct compared to other regions in Spain.

• Catalonia has a large population compared to other regions in Spain.

• Catalonia has a major city, Barcelona, which has a notoriety comparable to that of the Spanish capital, Madrid.

The Berlin Conference established the borders of North African countries including Egypt, Libya, and Sudan. The landscape of these countries influenced the types of boundaries imposed by the European colonial powers. Which of the following boundary types best explains the influence of landscape on the political borders of the North African region?

• Antecedent, based on tribal cultural boundaries that existed before European colonization
• Subsequent, with smaller buffer states placed between larger states to prevent political conflicts
• Consequent, accounting for local differences in language and religion during European colonization
• Natural, with irregular lines, accounting for regional physical features such as mountains or water bodies
• Geometric, with straight lines, disregarding physical features or tribal cultural differences of the areas

Boundaries based on the median-line principle are generally associated with

• major highways
• converging ethnic territories
• unsettled frontier zones
• bodies of water
• mountain ridges

Some territories within the Russian Federation are characterized by concentrated populations of ethnic groups and these areas function as autonomous republics. Which of the following best explains the political relationship between the autonomous republics and the central government of Russia?

• The central government of Russia exerts complete control over the autonomous republics to counteract devolutionary pressures.
• The autonomous republics are able to function independently from the central government because of an abundance of natural resources.
• Russia is a multistate nation characterized by contested regional boundaries.
• The autonomous republics provide ethnic groups with some political control over their homelands while preserving Russia’s territorial integrity.
• Russia is a unitary state characterized by many ethnic groups united within a single country.

The former international border between East Germany and West Germany is best described as

• an open border
• a demilitarized zone
• a relict boundary
• an antecedent boundary
• a geometric boundary

The Canadian government created the new territory of Nunavut in order to

• re-create the pre-1912 boundary of Quebec
• recognize the territorial rights of indigenous people in the area
• facilitate the exploration of mineral resources in the Northwest Territories
• grant autonomy to the Cree and Mohawk people living in eastern Canada
• guarantee Canadian fishing rights in the Atlantic Ocean

Which of the following correctly compares the impact of centripetal forces at the local scale with the impact of centripetal forces at the national scale?

• Centripetal forces may cause uneven development at the local scale but not at the national scale.
• Centripetal forces at both the local scale and the national scale may lead to increased cultural cohesion.
• Centripetal forces may lead to stateless nations at the national scale but not the local scale.
• Centripetal forces may result in nationalism at the local scale but not at the national scale.
• Centripetal forces at both the local scale and the national scale may lead to failed states.

Which of the following describes typical characteristics of federal states?

• A centralized government and strong centripetal forces
• A fragmented land area and a single ethnic group
• A small land area and high population density
• A compact shape and a primate city
• A large land area and multiple ethnic groups