Operations

Producing goods in advance of customer demand using a forecast of sales and moves them through the supply chain to points of sale is an example of

• Push system

• Pull system

• Push pull boundary

• Both A and B

produce only what is needed at upstream stages in the supply chain in response to customer demand downstream.

(a)  

Refers to the process of acquiring and consolidating elements of a value chain to achieve more control.

• Horizontal integration

• forward integration

• vertical integration

• backward integration

Define backward integration

Refers to acquiring capabilities toward distribution, or even customers.

• Horizontal integration

• forward integration

• vertical integration

• backward integration