Applications of Reactive Species

Increased exposure to copper containing

nanoparticles in commercial and therapeutic

applications leads to increased intracellular

reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation,

oxidative DNA damage and cell death, thereby

causing _______.

• Nanotoxicity

• Bacterial toxicity

• Genetic toxicity

• Developmental toxicity

The generation of ROS is tightly controlled both spatially and temporally within the cell. ROS are increasingly seen as critical second messengers in fundamental biological processes, playing an essential role in __________

• Membrane transport

• Signal transduction

• Diffusion

• Post transnational modification

The development of cancer has been linked to an inability of the host immune system to tumor immune evasion. ROS is known to play a key role in cancer cell death by mediating certain changes in the immune system which is termed ________

• Immunomodulation

• Metastasis

• Immunocompetence

• Immunization

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy leads to generation of ROS which via its direct and indirect effects on tumor cells, induces DNA damage and/or affects DNA replication machinery. This in turn leads to aberrant cellular signalling pathways, resulting in chemotherapy or radiation therapy-induced cell death termed _________

• Radiosensitization

• Gene expression

• Metastasis

• Chemotaxis

The surface properties of silver nanoparticles have a crucial impact on survival of bacteria i.e.,

__________ , as they influence the

physical (aggregation, affinity for bacterial membrane, etc.) and chemical (dissolution, passivation, etc.) phenomena.

• chemoresistance

• antibacterial activity

• chemo-taxis

• anti-fungal activity

Stiff, non-biodegradable nanoparticles cause reactive species generation and autophagy and can lead to significant remodelling of the cytosol

and even ________ (programmed cell

death).

• apoptosis

• necrosis

• entosis

• autophagy

Ceria nanoparticles could diffuse through the damaged blood-brain barrier and are reported to attenuate microglia/macrophage recruitment around the intracerebral haemorrhagic lesion and inflammatory protein expression causing ___________.

• Immunization

• Infection

• Inflammation

• Allergy

ROS play crucial roles in both tumor promoting (tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, invasion, ______ [migration from primary to secondary target organ] and _______ [no

response to drug treatment]) and tumor suppressive (apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis) processes.

• metastasis, chemoresistance

• chemoresistance, extravasation

• extravasation, chemoresistance

• extravasation, chemoresistance

Oxygen supply without gas-liquid film resistance to Xanthomonos campestris cultivation by facilitating need based liquid-phase ________ by catalase.

• dis-mutation of superoxide

• formation of hydrogen peroxide

• photolysis of water

• decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

An example for improvement of ________

using free radicals is

HOCI-induced overproduction of xanthan gum from Xanthomonas campestris.

• Bioreactor productivity

• Bioreactor efficiency