APES unit 2 review

Which of the following best explains how environmental stressors, such as wildfires, can affect biodiversity in an ecosystem?

• After an environmental stress, a genetic bottleneck may occur, which will increase genetic diversity.

• Habitat diversity will increase the available niches if the landscape becomes more uniform after a disturbance.

• Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity.

• Smaller populations are less likely to go extinct than larger populations, so the species diversity will remain constant.

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The Chatham Island robin is a small endangered bird found in scrub forests off the coast of New Zealand. The robin is preyed upon by introduced species such as cats and rats. In 1980, the population decreased to only 55 individuals and every individual today is a descendant of a single female. Which of the following is best illustrated in the decline of the Chatham Island robins?

• carrying capacity

• population bottleneck

• population overshoot

• resource partitioning

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Which of the following would most likely result from the deforestation of large areas of tropical rain forests caused by slash-and-burn agriculture?

• Increased ozone thinning because of the release of CFCs

• Decreased acid rain because of the sequestration of SO2

• Increased global temperature because of the release of CO2

• Deceased evaporation because of the loss of the tree canopy

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The consumption of mosquitoes by bats and the control of flooding provided by tropical forests in mountainous areas of Central America are examples of

• adaptive resources

• ecosystem resources

• evolution by natural selection

• positive feedback loop

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Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following is the most likely reason that an island in the ocean that is 5 kilometers from a continent would have a higher number of species than one that is 15 kilometers from a continent?

• There are more species that have the ability to travel 5 kilometers than can travel 15 kilometers.

• Islands that are closer to continents always have a wider range of habitats than more distant islands do.

• There are smaller populations of each species on islands that are at greater distances from continents.

• Islands that are closer to continents always have more ecological niches than more distant islands do.

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Scientists are interested in determining the average number of species that have migrated from the mainland to a group of islands, as shown below. Partway through their study, they decided to include an additional island in their study group.

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following best explains how the scientists’ calculation of average number of species would change with the inclusion of this new island in their study?

• The average would increase because more species would have migrated directly to the farther island.

• The average would decrease because fewer species would have migrated directly to the farther island.

• The average would not change because it is likely that the additional island has about the same number of species that migrated as the original island group.

• The average would not change because the island is approximately the same size as those in the original group and therefore just as likely to recruit species from the mainland.

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The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the effect of pH on the survival of water fleas (Daphnia pulex) was examined. In each trial, 40 live water fleas were added to a solution with the pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of fleas remaining alive in the sample. Results are presented in the table and in graphical form above.

Question

On the basis of the data, the best prediction of the pH of the water in which Daphnia normally are found in the wild is

• 1

• 3

• 5

• 7

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The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the effect of pH on the survival of water fleas (Daphnia pulex) was examined. In each trial, 40 live water fleas were added to a solution with the pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of fleas remaining alive in the sample. Results are presented in the table and in graphical form above.

Question

The pH at which 50 percent of the Daphnia survive after 2 hours of exposure can be predicted from the data. This pH is closest to

• 2.5

• 3.5

• 4.5

• 7.5

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Which of the following explanations is best supported by the data shown in the map above?

• Earth’s climate has changed over geological time, and plates on Earth’s crust have shifted.

• Sea level rise has led to an increased concentration of wildlife inland as the coastal areas flood.

• Organisms adapt to human population growth by changing at the genetic level.

• Animals migrate seasonally to mate and to find food in different habitats.

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The table below shows measurements of the beak size of a sample of ten ground finches on each of two islands in the Galápagos archipelago. The two islands are about ten kilometers apart, and all the birds are the same species. Given that beak size is genetically determined, which of the following hypotheses is the most likely explanation for the differences in data between the islands?

• Egg mortality differs on the islands.

• Beak size exerts selective pressure on prey size.

• Large-beaked birds move to Santa Cruz Island and small-beaked birds move to Daphne Island.

• The types of food found on the two islands exert selective pressure on beak size.

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