Sem 1 Final Exam Review Stats

A recent research study randomly divided participants into groups who were given different levels of Vitamin E to take daily. One group received only a placebo pill. The research study followed the participants for eight years to see how many developed a particular type of cancer during that time period. Which of the following responses gives the best explanation as to the purpose of randomization in this study?

•   To reduce the amount of sampling error.

• To produce treatment groups with similar characteristics.

• To increase the accuracy of the research results.

• To ensure that all potential cancer patients had an equal chance of being selected for the study.

The "by chance alone" or "no effect" explanation, a hypothesis that can be modeled by simulation.

• Null hypothesis

• Alternative hypothesis

• parameter

• variable

The "not by chance" or "there is an effect" explanation, it is typically our research conjecture.

• Null hypothesis

• Alternative hypothesis

• parameter

• variable

What is the symbol for parameter?

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What is the symbol for the observed statistic?

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What is the symbol for the standardized statistic?

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What is the symbol for the sample size?

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The probability of obtaining a value of the statistic at least as extreme as the observed statistic when the null hypothesis is true

• p-value

• p-hat

• z-score

• evidence

The ________ the p-value, the _________ the evidence against the ______ hypothesis.

• smaller, stronger, null

• larger, stronger, null

• smaller, stronger, alternative

• larger, stronger, alternative

A variable taking numerical values on which ordinary arithmetic operations make sense.

• quantitative

• observational

• categorical

• qualitative