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When was the first large-scale investigation on the testing effect published?

• 1978

• 1917

• 1967

• 1939

What was the result of the study on sixth graders across Iowa in 1939?

• The longer the first test was delayed, the greater the forgetting

• None of the above

• Once a student had taken a test, the forgetting nearly stopped

• Both of the above

When did interest in the testing effect resurface after a decline in the 1940s?

• 1939

• 1978

• 1967

• 1917

What did researchers find in 1978 regarding massed studying versus retrieval practice?

• Cramming leads to higher scores on an immediate test but results in faster forgetting

• None of the above

• Both of the above

• Practicing retrieval leads to higher scores on an immediate test but results in faster forgetting

What was the effect of taking multiple tests on subjects' long-term retention in a subsequent study?

• Recall was higher for those tested three times after initial exposure

• Recall was higher for those who did not take any test

• Recall was higher for those tested a week later

• Recall was higher for those tested immediately after exposure

What did researchers find in another study regarding the 'generation effect'?

• Greater effort required by delayed recall solidified memory better

• Studying word pairs intact resulted in better memory of the words

• Both of the above

• None of the above

What did researchers discover about spaced retrieval practice compared to massed retrieval practice?

• None of the above

• Both have the same effect on long-term retention

• Massed retrieval practice leads to stronger long-term retention

• Spaced retrieval practice leads to stronger long-term retention

When did the project at Columbia Middle School begin?

• 2008

• 2007

• 2006

• 2005

What was the purpose of the quizzes designed by Pooja Agarwal for the social studies classes?

• To test students on all the material covered by the teacher

• To test students on half of the material covered by the teacher

• To test students on one-third of the material covered by the teacher

• To test students on none of the material covered by the teacher

What was the concern regarding the final exam results and the effect of quizzes on learning?

• Students tested better on material that had been quizzed than on material not quizzed

• Students tested better on material that had not been quizzed than on material that had been quizzed

• Both of the above

• None of the above