SLP: Sleep

What is the main function of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep?

• Consolidation of dreams in memory

• Neural maturation

• Increase in autonomic activity

• Facilitation of learning or memory

What is the primary purpose of polysomnography?

• Measure brain wave, oxygen level, heart rate, eye and leg movement

• Diagnose circadian rhythm disturbances

• Monitor body temperature during sleep

• Assess cognitive function during sleep

Which neurotransmitters are involved in promoting natural sleep?

• a) Dopamine and GABA

• b) Norepinephrine, serotonin, and Ach

• c) Glutamate and endorphins

• d) Acetylcholine and melatonin

What is the characteristic of the brain during the first 4 stages of sleep?

• a) Highly active with low-frequency brain waves

• b) Strong, low-frequency brain waves

• c) Decrease in peripheral vascular tone

• d) Increased autonomic activity

What is the primary function of melatonin in the body's internal clock?

• a) Increases during wakefulness

• b) Facilitates consolidation of dreams in memory

• c) Helps maintain other hormones

• d) Decreases during sleep

Which of the following statements best explains the role of the raphe nuclei in sleep regulation?

• • A) The raphe nuclei produce acetylcholine, which is crucial for initiating REM sleep.

• B) The raphe nuclei secrete serotonin, and blocking its formation can prevent sleep.

• C) The raphe nuclei directly stimulate the cerebral cortex to promote wakefulness.

• D) The raphe nuclei are involved in regulating the circadian rhythm through melatonin secretion.

How does the circadian rhythm influence the sleep-wake cycle, and what are the consequences of its disruption?

• • A) It maintains a consistent sleep schedule regardless of external light-dark cycles.

• B) It ensures sleep occurs during periods of low environmental temperature.

• C) It can be reset by external stimuli, and its disruption may lead to disorders like DSPS and SAD.

• D) It relies solely on melatonin levels, and disruption does not affect other physiological processes.

In the context of polysomnography, which sleep disorder is characterized by acting out dreams, and what underlying mechanism might explain this behavior?

• • A) Sleep apnea, due to airway obstruction during sleep.

• • B) Narcolepsy, characterized by sudden sleep attacks.

• C) REM Sleep Behavior Disorder, potentially due to insufficient muscle paralysis during REM sleep.

• D) Periodic limb movement disorder, involving frequent leg movements during sleep.

What is the significance of the "paradoxical sleep" in REM sleep, and how does it differ from NREM sleep?

• • A) Paradoxical sleep is marked by decreased brain activity, unlike the high brain activity seen in NREM sleep.

• B) Paradoxical sleep involves strong muscle tone, in contrast to the muscle relaxation in NREM sleep.

• • C) Paradoxical sleep refers to the high brain activity and muscle paralysis seen in REM sleep, unlike the restful and low brain activity state of NREM sleep.

• D) Paradoxical sleep is synonymous with deep, dreamless sleep, unlike the dreaming state of NREM sleep.

Considering the physiological changes during NREM and REM sleep, which of the following correctly describes these changes and their impact on the body?

• • A) NREM sleep is associated with increased autonomic activity and vivid dreaming, impacting memory consolidation.

• • B) REM sleep involves a decrease in peripheral vascular tone and vegetative functions, promoting physical restfulness.

• • C) NREM sleep leads to reduced heart rate, respiratory rate, and basal metabolic rate, while REM sleep shows increased brain metabolism and irregular autonomic activity.

• D) Both NREM and REM sleep result in decreased bodily muscle activity, but only NREM sleep is essential for procedural memory consolidation.